Infancy And Childhood- Physical And Cognitive Development Flashcards
Childhood
Toddler to adolescent
Infancy
Newborn to toddler
Reflexes
Inmates involuntary behavior patterns
5 reflexes
Grasping Startle Rooting Stepping Sucking
Pruning
Unused neural connections are shut down as used neural connections are bolstered
Influenced by experience
Maturation
Biological growth processes that enabled orderly changes in behavior
Relatively in influenced by experience
Universal similarities
Sequence
Individual differences
Timing
Genetic influences
Identical twins typically begin sitting up and walking on nearly the same day
Infantile amnesia
The inability of people to remember anything that occurred before age three
Dual level processing
Conscious recall
Unconscious processing
Conscious recall
Basically non existent before age 3.5
Unconscious processing
Infants can learn and retain associations when that are just months old
Jean Piagets theory
Stage based model of children’s cognitive development
Cognition
All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Schemas
Coco cents or frameworks that organize and interpret information
Assimilation
Interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemas
Accommodation
Adapting ones current understanding (schemes) to incorporate new information
Piagets basic theory
Children develop a more advanced understanding of their world through experience which usually comes in the form of spurts of change
Piagets stages
- Sensorimotor
- Pre-operational
- Concrete operational
- Formal operational
Sensorimotor stages
Infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
Birth to about two years
Developmental phenomena
Object permanence
Stranger anxiety
Object perm inane
The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
Stranger anxiety
The fear of strangers that infants commonly display
The preoperational stage
The stage during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
Two years to about six or seven years
Developmental phenomena
Animism
Conservation
Egocentrism
Theory of mind
Animism
He belief that anything that moves is alive
Conservation
The principles that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
Not well development
Egocentrism
Difficulty taking another’s point of view
Theory of mind
Peoples ideas about their own and others mental states
Not well developed
Concrete operational stage
The stage during which children gain mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
6 years to 12 years
Developmental phenomena
Conservation
Concrete concepts
abstract concepts
Mathematical transformations
Conservation
Is understood by a child in the concrete operational stage
Concrete concepts
Concepts about objects, written rules, and things that can be sensed physically
Abstract concepts
Concepts that do not have a concrete, physical reality
Not well developed in this stage
Mathematical transformations
Are understood by children in this stage
Formal operational stage
The stage during which people think logically about abstract concepts
Developmental phenomena
Abstract logic
Mature moral reasoning
Abstract logic
Understood by people in this stage
Mature moral reasoning
Potential increases as adolescence understand hypothetical propositions and infer consequences
