INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD Flashcards
CEPHALOCAUDAL PATTERN
EARLEST GROWTH STARTS AT THE TOP
PHYSICAL GROWTH AND DIFFERENTATION
WORKING ITS WAY DOWN FROM THE TOP
PROXIMODISTAL
SEQUENCE AT WHICH GROWTH STARTS IN THE MIDDLE THEN MOVES TO EXTREMETIES
THE BRAIN
AT BIRTH T THE BRAIN IS 25% THE ADULT BRAIN SIZE
FIRST 1000 DAYS ARE CRITICAL FOR BRAIN DEVELOPMENT
EARLY EXPERIENCES AFFECT BRAIN ACTIVITY THOSE IN DEPRIVED SITUATIONS MAY HAVE DEPRESSED BRAIN ACTIVITY
EXTENSIVE BRAIN DEVELOPMENT COUNTINUES AFTER BIRTH, INFANCY AND LATER
SLEEP
SLEEPS RESTORES, REPLINSHES AND REBUILDS OUR BRAIN AND BODIES
TYPICAL NEW-BORN SLEEPS 18 HOURS PER DAY
BUT CAN VARY 10-21 HOURS
INFANTS SLEEP AN AVERAGE OF 12.8 HOURS OUT OF 24 - THE RANGE IS 9.7 - 15.9 HOURS. BY AGE OF 6 MONTHS THEY SLEEP MOSTLY THROUGH NIGHT
SUDI AND SIDS
SUDDEN UNEXPEXTED DEATH (of) an INFANT, SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME CAN OCCUR WITHOUT ANY APPARENT REASON, RISK IS HIGHEST AT 2-4 MTHS
NUTRITION
BIRTH - 1 YEAR - INFANTS NEARLY TRIPLE THEIR WEIGHT AND INCREASE THEIR LENGTH BY 50%
EXCLUSIVELY BREAST FEED UNTIL 6 MONTHS
INTRODUCE FOODS AND COUNTINUE TO BREASTFEED TILL AGE 1
INCREASE TEXTURE, FLAVOUR, VARIETY AND AMOUNT. A VARIETY OF NUTRIENTS ESPECIALLY IRON AND VITAMIN C, EATING SIMILAR FOOD AS FAMILY AT AGE 1
VARIETY INCLUDES TRIANGLE
MILESTONES IN GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
0-18 MONTHS PRONT LIFT HEAD
2 - 4 MONTHS PRONE, CHEST UP, ARMS FOR SUPPORT
JUST OVER 2 MONTHS TO JUST UNDER 5 MONTHS
ROLLOVER
JUST OVER 3 MONTHS TO JUST OVER 6 MONTHS
SUPPORT SOME WEIGHT WITH LEGS
JUST UNDER 5 MONTHS TO JUST UNDER 8 MONTHS
SIT WITHOUT SUPPORT
JUST UNDER 5 MONTHS TO JUSTT UNDER 10 MONTHS
STAND WITH SUPPORT
JUST UNDER 6 MONTHS TO JUST UNDER 10 MONTHS
PULL SELF TO STAND
JUST OVER 7 MONTHS TO JUST UNDER 13 MONTHS
WALK USING FURNITURE FOR SUPPORT
JUST UNDER 10 MONTHS JUST UNDER 14 MONTHS
STAND ALONE EASILY
JUST ABOVE 11 TO JUST ABOVE 14 MONTHS
WALK EASILY
REFLEXES
COUGHING, BLINKING, BREATHING AND SWALLOWING- PERMANENT REFLEXES
ROOTING: CHEEK IS STROKE, BABY GOES TO FOOD SOURCE
SUCKING: AUTOMATICALLY SUCK OBJECT IN MOUTH (FOOD SOURCE RELATED)
STEPPING: IF HELD UPRIGHT WILL STEP AS IF WALKING
BABINSKI: STROKING THE OUTER SOLE OF THE FOOT CAUSES TOES TO EXTEND
GRASPING: TOUCHES THE INFANTS PALMS
MORO(STARTLE): SUDDEN REACTION TO INTENSE, SUDDEN NOISE OR MOVEMENT
GROSS MOTOR SKILLS
DEVELOPMENT OF POSTURE: DYNAMIC PROCESS LINKED WITH SENSORY INFORMATION IN THE SKINS, JOINTS, AND MUSCLES.
DEVELOPMENT IN SECOND YEAR: TODDLERS BECOME MORE SKILLED OR MOBILE
13-18 MONTHS: TODDLERS CAN PULL A TOY OR CLIMB STAIRS
18-24 MONTHS
TODDLES CAN WALK QUICKLY
BALANCE ON THEIR FEET
WALK BACKWARD AND STAND KICK A BALL
FINE MOTOR SKILLS
PALMER GRASP WITH WHOLE HAND
PINCER GRIP TOWARDS THE END OF THE FIRST YEAR - INFANTS GRASP SMALL OBJECTS USING THEIR THUMB OR FOREFINGER
VISION
AT BIRTH - NERVES, MUSCLES AND LENS OF THE EYE ARE STILL DEVELOPING
INFANTS CAN NOT SEE FAR AWAY OBJECTS
AVERAGE VISION IS 20/40
FACES ARE MOST COMMON STIMULI FOR CHILDREN SOCIALLY
COLOUR VISION INCREASES AND BY 8 WEEKS CAN DISCRIMNATE COLOURS
HEARING
INFANTS RECOGNISE THE PATTERN AND TONE OF MOTHERS VOICE PRIOR TO BIRTH
INFANTS DONT HEAR SOFT SOUND ARE LESS SENSETIVE TO PITCH OVER TIME
6 MONTHS INFANTS CAN LOCALIZE SOUNDS
SMELL AND TASTE AND PLAY ACTIVITY
AT BIRTH THE BABY CAN DIFFERINATE SMELLS AND TASTE
PLAY ACTIVITY HOW INFANTS LEARN ABOUT WORLD AROUND THEM
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT INFANTS ATTENTION
BY 4 MONTHS INFANTS CAN ATTEND TO AN OBJECT
FOCUSSED OR SUSTAINED ATTENTION ALLOWS THE INFANT TO LEARN AND REMEMBER ABOUT CHARACTERISTICS OF OBJECTS OR EVENT
JOINT ATTENTION - TRACKING ANOTHER PERSON BEHAVIOUR
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT INFANTS MEMORY
RETENTION OF MEMORY OVER TIME
IMPLICT MEMORY:
WITHOUT CONSIOUS RECOLLECTION
AUTOMATIC
EXPLICIT MEMORY:
CONSIOUS MEMORY OF FACTS AND EXPERIENCES
NOT AUTOMATIC
AGE GROUP - LENGTH OF TIME MEMORY RETAINED
6-month-olds
24 hours
9-month-olds
1 month
10-11-month-olds
3 months
13-14-month-olds
4-6 months
20-month-olds
12 months
LANGUAGE
SIMILAR PATH OF LEARNING LANGUAGE AROUND THE WORLD
RECOGNIZE LANGUAGE SOUNDS
BABBLING AND OTHER VOCALIZATIONS
CRYING COOING BABBLING
FIRST WORDS -
VOCABULARY RAPIDLY INCREASES AFTER THE FIRST WORD IS SPOKEN
AT 18 MONTHS AVERAGE IS 50 WORDS
AGE 2 AVERAGE IS 200 WORDS
GESTURES
SHOWING AND POINTING
LANGUAGE MILESTONES
BIRTH - CRYING
2 to 4 MONTHS - COOING
5 MONTHS - UNDERSTAND FIRST WORD
6 MONTHS - BABBLING BEGINS
6 - 12 MONTHS - CHANGE FROM UNIVERSIAL LINGUST TO LANGUAGE SPECIFIC
8 - 12 MONTHS - USES GESTURES, SUCH AS SHOWING AND POINTING
COMPHRENSION OF WORDS APPEAR
13 MONTHS - FIRST WORD SPOKEN
18 MONTHS - VOCABULARY SPURT STARTS
18-24 MONTHS - USES TWO WORD UTTERANCES
RAPID EXPANSION AND UNDERSTANDING OF WORDS
PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
SMILING - REFLECTIVE SMILE OCCURS JUST BECAUSE
SOCIAL SMILE - IN RESPONSE TO SOMETHING HAPPEN
FEAR
STRANGER ANXIETY - FEAR AND WARINESS OF STRANGERS
SEPERATION PROTEST - DISTRESSED CRY WHEN CAREGIVER LEAVES
EMOTIONS, GENDER, CULTURE, TRUST, SENSE OF SELF
Emotions and temperament form key aspects of personality:
Contemporary view- temperament is a biologically based but evolving aspect of behaviour
Gender, culture and temperament:
Parents react differently to an infants temperament depending on gender
Cultural differences in temperament were linked to parent attitude and behaviours
Goodness of fit:
Match between a child’s temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with
Trust:
According to Erikson the first year is characterised by trust versus mistrust
Developing sense of self
Self-recognition-before age one an infant does not recognise themselves in a mirror
By 18mths the infant has developed self recognition
Second year developing sense of me
PILSEC
Physical – gross and fine motor (what is the difference?)
Intellectual /cognitive
Language /communication
Emotional
Social
Cultural
