Infancy Flashcards
Average newborn weight
5p 8o - 8p 13 o
average newborn length
19.5”—–29.5” @ 12 months———34.4” @ 2 yo—
what happens to infant weight in the first few days after birth
weight typically drops -5% as they eliminate waste and get used to feeding
how long for an infant to double from birth weight? How long to triple?
Double @ 4 months——–Triple @ One year
weight at 40th percentile means what?
40% lighter, 60% heavier
what is “failure to thrive”
significant drop in weight percentile
Head proportions (body length) @ womb, birth
womb = 50% ——— birth = 25%
What organ experiences the most dramatic growth in the first 2 years?
The brain. At birth it is –25% adult weight. At 2 yo it is – 75% adult weight. At 6 yo it is –95% and at 7 yo –100%
“Transient Exuberance”
temporary dramatic brain growth. Exuberant because rapid. Transient because temporary. Occurs during the first few years of life. Primarily occurring in the dendrites.
What occurs after period of dramatic brain growth?
Pruning. Thought to make remaining more efficiently. Continues through childhood and into adolescence. Primarily in the dendrites.
Growth period of prefrontal cortex
Continues to grow through childhood. Additional growth spurt during adolescence
Myelin development. When does it primarily occur?
During the first few years of life. Continues in to adolescence.
When do basic motor skills develop?
All basic motor skills develop in the first 2 years of life
What movements do basic motor skills begin with?
reflexes—-breathing reflex (includes hiccups, sneezing, thrashing), reflexes for thermoregulation (crying, shivering, tucking legs close, pushing away blankets), sucking reflex, rooting reflex (turning cheek towards any object that touches the cheek–manages feeding, search for nipple)(
Non-survival reflexes: Babinski reflex, palmar grasp, “moro” reflex
toes fanning upward when foot stroked; grasp objects placed in palm; “moro” = babies will fling arms out and then to chest if they hear a loud noise
Direction of motor development?
cephalocaudal (head-down) and proximodistal (center-out)————-ie first learn to hold head up, then sit with assistance, then sit unassisted, followed by crawling..
Average age babies are able to hold their head up?
6 weeks. 90% achieve between 3 weeks and 4 months. Past 4 months = delay.
Average age for sitting?
7 months. 90% between 5-9 months
What are gross motor skills?
Voluntary movement of large muscle groups—-ie picking chin up while lying on stomach, rocking back and forth n hands and knees
Fine motor skills?
Finer, more exact novements of hands, fingers, etc—-ie ability to reach and grasp object. Focused in the fingers, toes, and eyes. –4 months able to reach for object with both hands + few weeks to single hand reaching
When does the use of thumbs occur?
–9 months. Forefinger and thumb = “pincer grasp”
“sensation” versus “perception”
interaction with sensory receptors, process of interpreting what is sensed.
Most poorly developed sense at birth?
Sight
When will infants begin observing faces in more than very simple detail?
2 or 3 months. ie looking at chin versus scanning the face
When binocular vision develops
2 months = depth perception. 6 months = ability to see depth in photos as well
Keenest sense at birth?
Hearing
Sensitivity to pain and touch?
immediately after birth. Sense of touch is acute. Developmental disability has been seen in infants that were neglected touch, toys to play with
Taste and smell at birth?
Infants can distinguish sour, bitter, sweet, salty. Show preference for sweet
Colostrum
Milk produced during pregnancy and just after birth. Breast milk changes by the third to fifth day after birth, becoming much thinner. High bioavailability of iron, good source of fats for development of meylin.
Lower rates of obesity, diabetes, leukemia, asthma is associated with?
breastfeeding
When breastfeeding doesn’t work
adoption, transmissable diseases ie TB, HIV; drug addiciton; two fathers; attachment issues between mother and baby; ICU after delivery; low production of breast milk
Period of time to exclusively breastfeed?
6 months. Solid foods introduced after. Introduce one at a time to identify allergies.
Milk anemia
low iron from low milk consumption
Infantile marasmus
Starvation form lack of calories and protein.
Kwashiorkor
Protein deficiency after another child is consuming source of milk
symptoms = facial swelling, abdominal swelling, thin colorless hair. Diagnosis?
Kwashiorkor
Number SIDS events in US each year
–3500. Leading COD in infants up to 12 months old. Risk is highest at 4-6 weeks of age. One leading hypothesis suggest have abnormalities in area of brainstem responsible for regulating breathing
Risk factors for SIDS
Low birth weight; siblings w SIDS; sleep apnea; african-american or eskimo; low socioeconomic status, smoking in home.
SIDS prevention methods
sleepingon back, avoid soft bedding, recommend breasfeeding, share bedroom but not sleep surface w parents for one year, avoid exposure to smoke, alcohol, drugs
Babies who dies of SIDS were 5 times more likely to have done what?
bed-sharing
herd immunity
90+ % of people in a community are vaccinated, death rates from that disease declines significantly
last part of infants brain to develop
pre-frontal cortex
Piaget and sensorimotor intelligence
framework for organizing is required = schema. Children develop schemas through assimilation and accommodation
Sensorimotor substages
1)Reflexes - birth-6 weeks. Automatic movements or reflexes——2)primary circular reactions - 6 weeks - 4 months. object discrimination, accidentally engage in behavior ie vocalization———-3) Secondary circular reactions - 4-8 months. continuation of pleasing events. shaking rattler, laughing, clapping hands——–4) Coordination of secondary circualr reactions 8-12 months. Deliberate and purposeful behavior ie ask for help by fussing, pointing, reaching. approx 8 months begin object permanence———–5) Tertiary circular reflexes 12-18 months. “little scientist” trial and error———-6) Mental Representation 18-24 months
