Infancy

Question 1

Average newborn weight

Answer 1

5p 8o - 8p 13 o

Question 2

average newborn length

Answer 2

19.5”—–29.5” @ 12 months———34.4” @ 2 yo—

Question 3

what happens to infant weight in the first few days after birth

Answer 3

weight typically drops -5% as they eliminate waste and get used to feeding

Question 4

how long for an infant to double from birth weight? How long to triple?

Answer 4

Double @ 4 months——–Triple @ One year

Question 5

weight at 40th percentile means what?

Answer 5

40% lighter, 60% heavier

Question 6

what is “failure to thrive”

Answer 6

significant drop in weight percentile

Question 7

Head proportions (body length) @ womb, birth

Answer 7

womb = 50% ——— birth = 25%

Question 8

What organ experiences the most dramatic growth in the first 2 years?

Answer 8

The brain. At birth it is –25% adult weight. At 2 yo it is – 75% adult weight. At 6 yo it is –95% and at 7 yo –100%

Question 9

“Transient Exuberance”

Answer 9

temporary dramatic brain growth. Exuberant because rapid. Transient because temporary. Occurs during the first few years of life. Primarily occurring in the dendrites.

Question 10

What occurs after period of dramatic brain growth?

Answer 10

Pruning. Thought to make remaining more efficiently. Continues through childhood and into adolescence. Primarily in the dendrites.

Question 11

Growth period of prefrontal cortex

Answer 11

Continues to grow through childhood. Additional growth spurt during adolescence

Question 12

Myelin development. When does it primarily occur?

Answer 12

During the first few years of life. Continues in to adolescence.

Question 13

When do basic motor skills develop?

Answer 13

All basic motor skills develop in the first 2 years of life

Question 14

What movements do basic motor skills begin with?

Answer 14

reflexes—-breathing reflex (includes hiccups, sneezing, thrashing), reflexes for thermoregulation (crying, shivering, tucking legs close, pushing away blankets), sucking reflex, rooting reflex (turning cheek towards any object that touches the cheek–manages feeding, search for nipple)(

Question 15

Non-survival reflexes: Babinski reflex, palmar grasp, “moro” reflex

Answer 15

toes fanning upward when foot stroked; grasp objects placed in palm; “moro” = babies will fling arms out and then to chest if they hear a loud noise

Question 16

Direction of motor development?

Answer 16

cephalocaudal (head-down) and proximodistal (center-out)————-ie first learn to hold head up, then sit with assistance, then sit unassisted, followed by crawling..

Question 17

Average age babies are able to hold their head up?

Answer 17

6 weeks. 90% achieve between 3 weeks and 4 months. Past 4 months = delay.

Question 18

Average age for sitting?

Answer 18

7 months. 90% between 5-9 months

Question 19

What are gross motor skills?

Answer 19

Voluntary movement of large muscle groups—-ie picking chin up while lying on stomach, rocking back and forth n hands and knees

Question 20

Fine motor skills?

Answer 20

Finer, more exact novements of hands, fingers, etc—-ie ability to reach and grasp object. Focused in the fingers, toes, and eyes. –4 months able to reach for object with both hands + few weeks to single hand reaching

Question 21

When does the use of thumbs occur?

Answer 21

–9 months. Forefinger and thumb = “pincer grasp”

Question 22

“sensation” versus “perception”

Answer 22

interaction with sensory receptors, process of interpreting what is sensed.

Question 23

Most poorly developed sense at birth?

Answer 23

Sight

Question 24

When will infants begin observing faces in more than very simple detail?

Answer 24

2 or 3 months. ie looking at chin versus scanning the face

Question 25

When binocular vision develops

Answer 25

2 months = depth perception. 6 months = ability to see depth in photos as well

Question 26

Keenest sense at birth?

Answer 26

Hearing

Question 27

Sensitivity to pain and touch?

Answer 27

immediately after birth. Sense of touch is acute. Developmental disability has been seen in infants that were neglected touch, toys to play with

Question 28

Taste and smell at birth?

Answer 28

Infants can distinguish sour, bitter, sweet, salty. Show preference for sweet

Question 29

Colostrum

Answer 29

Milk produced during pregnancy and just after birth. Breast milk changes by the third to fifth day after birth, becoming much thinner. High bioavailability of iron, good source of fats for development of meylin.

Question 30

Lower rates of obesity, diabetes, leukemia, asthma is associated with?

Answer 30

breastfeeding

Question 31

When breastfeeding doesn’t work

Answer 31

adoption, transmissable diseases ie TB, HIV; drug addiciton; two fathers; attachment issues between mother and baby; ICU after delivery; low production of breast milk

Question 32

Period of time to exclusively breastfeed?

Answer 32

6 months. Solid foods introduced after. Introduce one at a time to identify allergies.

Question 33

Milk anemia

Answer 33

low iron from low milk consumption

Question 34

Infantile marasmus

Answer 34

Starvation form lack of calories and protein.

Question 35

Kwashiorkor

Answer 35

Protein deficiency after another child is consuming source of milk

Question 36

symptoms = facial swelling, abdominal swelling, thin colorless hair. Diagnosis?

Answer 36

Kwashiorkor

Question 37

Number SIDS events in US each year

Answer 37

–3500. Leading COD in infants up to 12 months old. Risk is highest at 4-6 weeks of age. One leading hypothesis suggest have abnormalities in area of brainstem responsible for regulating breathing

Question 38

Risk factors for SIDS

Answer 38

Low birth weight; siblings w SIDS; sleep apnea; african-american or eskimo; low socioeconomic status, smoking in home.

Question 39

SIDS prevention methods

Answer 39

sleepingon back, avoid soft bedding, recommend breasfeeding, share bedroom but not sleep surface w parents for one year, avoid exposure to smoke, alcohol, drugs

Question 40

Babies who dies of SIDS were 5 times more likely to have done what?

Answer 40

bed-sharing

Question 41

herd immunity

Answer 41

90+ % of people in a community are vaccinated, death rates from that disease declines significantly

Question 42

last part of infants brain to develop

Answer 42

pre-frontal cortex

Question 43

Piaget and sensorimotor intelligence

Answer 43

framework for organizing is required = schema. Children develop schemas through assimilation and accommodation

Question 44

Sensorimotor substages

Answer 44

1)Reflexes - birth-6 weeks. Automatic movements or reflexes——2)primary circular reactions - 6 weeks - 4 months. object discrimination, accidentally engage in behavior ie vocalization———-3) Secondary circular reactions - 4-8 months. continuation of pleasing events. shaking rattler, laughing, clapping hands——–4) Coordination of secondary circualr reactions 8-12 months. Deliberate and purposeful behavior ie ask for help by fussing, pointing, reaching. approx 8 months begin object permanence———–5) Tertiary circular reflexes 12-18 months. “little scientist” trial and error———-6) Mental Representation 18-24 months