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Pediatric Growth and Development > Infancy-5 y/o > Flashcards

Infancy-5 y/o Flashcards

1
Q
  • Able to fix briefly on faces or objects

- Follows face to midline

A

1-2 weeks

cognitive d.

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2
Q
  • Responds to affection, changes in environment

- Indicates pleasure and displeasure

A

4 months

cog. d

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3
Q

-Continues to use visual exploration to learn about environment but is also beginning to use oral exploration for learning

A

6 months

cog. d

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4
Q

-Indicates boredom (crying/fussiness) when no changes in activity occur

A

2 months

cog. d

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5
Q
  • Begins to demonstrate differentiated types of crying (hunger, discomfort, fatigue)
  • Coos
  • Has clearer behaviors to indicate needs for food, sleep, play, comforting
A

2 months

communicative

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6
Q
  • Cries in differentiated manner to express hunger, fatigue, pain
  • Babbles more expressively and spontaneously
A

4 months

communicative

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7
Q

Turns and calms to parent’s voice
Communicates needs through behaviors
Undifferentiated cry

A

1-2 weeks

communicative

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8
Q
  • Uses string of vowels together (babbling “ah,” “eh,” “oh”) and enjoys vocal turn taking
  • Beginning to recognize own name
  • Will begin to use consonant sounds (“m,” “b”) then combine together (“ah,” “ba”) as jargon
A

6 months

communicative

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9
Q

when will baby start cooing?

A

2 months

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10
Q

when will babe begin to recognize own name

A

6 months

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11
Q
  • Attempts to look at parent
  • Smiles
  • Able to console and comfort self (brings hands to midline and mouth)
A

2 months

social-emotional

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12
Q

-Able to sustain periods of wakefulness for feeding
-Will gradually become able to establish longer stretch of sleep (4-5 hours at night)
Has indefinite regard of surroundings

A

1-2 weeks

social-emotional

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13
Q
  • Socially interactive with parent

- Recognizes familiar faces & is beginning to recognize whether person is stranger

A

6 months

social-emotional

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14
Q
  • Smiles spontaneously
  • Elicits social interactions
  • Shows solidified self-consolation skills
A

4 months

social-emotional

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15
Q
  • Able to suck, swallow, and breathe
  • Shows strong primitive reflexes (suck, rooting, palmer grasp, stepping, Moro reflex, tonic neck reflex)
  • Able to life head briefly when in prone position
A

1-2 weeks

PD

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16
Q
  • Able to hold up head and begins to push up in prone position
  • Consistent head control in supported sitting position
  • Shows symmetrical movements of head, arms, and legs
  • Shows diminishing newborn reflexes
A

2 months

PD

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17
Q

when can babe show consisent head control in supported sitting position?

A

2 months

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18
Q
  • increasing mobility, standing, and bouncing; in prone position, will gradually move into crawling position
  • Rocks back and forth, often crawling backward before moving forward
  • Will learn to rotate in sitting & eventually move from sitting to crawling position
A

6 months

PD

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19
Q

when does babe rock back and forth, often crawling backward before moving forward

A

6 months

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20
Q
  • Develops object permanence
  • Learns interactive games, such as “peek-a-boo” and “so big”
  • Looks at books & explores environment, physically and visually
A

9 months

cog. d

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21
Q
  • Developed apprehension with strangers

- Seeks parent for play and comfort, and as a resource

A

9 months

social-emotional

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22
Q

when does babe learn games like peek-a-boo

A

9 months

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23
Q

-Uses wide variety of repetitive consonants and vowel sounds

Starts to point out objects

A

9 months

communicative

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24
Q
  • Demonstrates prodeclarative pointing (points to desired object and watches to see whether parent sees it)
  • Imitates vocalizations and sounds
  • Speaks 1 to 2 words
  • Jabbers with inflections of normal speech
A

12 months

communicative

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25
Q

when does babe learn object permanence

A

9 months

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26
Q

when does babe start speaking 1-2 words

A

12 months

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27
Q
  • Indicates what they want by pulling, pointing, or grunting
  • Brings objects over to show you
  • Hands you book when they want to hear story
  • Says 2-3 words (not Dada/Mama) with meaning
A

15 months

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28
Q
  • Has vocabulary of at least 50 words
  • Uses 2-word phrases
  • Asks parent to read book
A

24 months

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29
Q
  • Vocalizes and gestures; speaks 6 words

- Points to indicate to someone else what they want

A

18 months

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30
Q

when can babe say 2-3 words with meaning

A

15 months

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31
Q

how many words should babe know by age 24 months

A

50 words

-use 2 word phases

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32
Q
  • Plays interactive games (i.e. “peek-a-boo,” “pat-a-cake”)
  • Imitates activities
  • Hands you book when they want to hear story
  • Waves “bye-bye”
  • Has strong attachment with parent or significant caregiver
  • Shows distress on separation from parent
A

12 months

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33
Q
  • Interactive or withdrawn; friendly or aggressive (i.e. hitting, biting)
  • Laughs in response to others
  • Explores alone but with parent in close proximity
  • Spontaneous with affection
  • Helps in house
A

18 months

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34
Q

Listens to story
Imitates activities
May help in house

A

15 months

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35
Q
  • Imitates adults
  • Increases pretend play (i.e. rocking, feeding, or putting baby doll to bed)
  • Plays alongside other children (parallel play)
  • Refers to self more often as “I” or “me”
  • May have established special attachment to transitional object
A

24 months

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36
Q
  • Imaginary play, such as with dolls and toys, is increasing
  • Play is starting to include other children to increasing degree, such as play tea parties or chase games
  • Has fears about unexplained changes in his physical environment and unexpected events (common in children of this age)
A

2.5 years

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37
Q

when does babe start refering to self more ofen as “I” or “me”

A

24 months

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38
Q
  • Uses short phrases of 3-4 words

- Understandable to others 50% of time

A

2.5 yrs

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39
Q

-Follows 2-step commands
-Names one picture, such as cat, horse, bird, dog, or man
-Completes sentences and rhymes in familiar books
-Corrects you if you change word in book they know
In response to, “Where is ___?”, points to object or animal in book

A

24 months

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40
Q
  • Points to 1 body part
  • Follows simple instructions without gestured cues (“sit down”)
  • Shows interest in doll or stuffed animal by hugging it or pretend feeding
  • Knows names of favorite books
A

18 months

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41
Q

when can babe follow 2 step command

A

24 months

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42
Q

when should others be able to understand babe 50% of time

A

2.5 yrs

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43
Q

points to one body part

A

18 months

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44
Q

-Completes sentences and rhymes in familiar books

A

24 months

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45
Q
  • knows correct action for selected animal or person (i.e. cat meows, horse gallops, bird flies, dog barks, man talks)
  • Has friends
  • Points to 6 body parts
A

2.5 yrs

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46
Q

Understands and follows simple commands

Scribbles

A

15 months

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47
Q

Follows simple directions

Identifies persons upon request (i.e. “Where is ___?”)

A

12 months

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48
Q

can point to 6 body parts

A

2.5 yrs

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49
Q
  • Jumps up and down in place
  • Throws ball overhand
  • Washes and dries hands
  • Brushes teeth with help
  • Puts on clothes with help
  • Copies vertical line
A

2.5 yrs

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50
Q

Bangs 2 cubes held in hands

Stands alone

A

12 months

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51
Q

Walks well, stoops, and recovers
Able to take steps backwards
Puts block in cup
Drinks from cup

A

15 months

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52
Q

when can babe throw a ball overhead

A

2.5 yrs

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53
Q

drinks from cup

A

15 months

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54
Q
  • Walks up steps, runs
  • Stacks 2 or 3 blocks
  • May imitate crayon stoke and scribbles
  • Uses spoon and cup without spilling most of time
A

18 months

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55
Q

copies vertical lines

A

2.5 yrs

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56
Q

kicks a ball

A

24 months

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57
Q
  • Stacks 5 or 6 blocks
  • Makes or imitates horizontal and circular strokes with crayon
  • Turns book pages one at a time
  • Imitates food preparation: scrubs, tears, breaks, dips, snaps, beats an egg, “washes” dishes
  • Throws ball overhand
  • Goes up and down stairs one step at a time
  • Kicks a ball
  • Jumps up
A

24 months

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58
Q

when can babe use spoon and cup without spilling most of the time

A

18 months

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59
Q

-Rapidly expands motor skills – crawls reciprocally, gets to sitting, begins to pull to stand

A

9 months

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60
Q

when does babe typically start walking well

A

15 months

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61
Q
  • Has self-care skills (i.e. self-feeding and self-dressing to extent this is desired and permitted within individual family and cultural norms)
  • Imaginative play is becoming more elaborate, with specific themes or story lines demonstrated
  • Enjoys interactive play
A

3 y/o

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62
Q
  • Gives first and last name
  • Sings song or says poem from memory
  • Knows what to do if cold, tired, or hungry
  • Clearly understandable with most speech efforts
A

4 y/o

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63
Q

Carries on conversation with 2-3 sentences spoken together
Understandable to others 75% of time
Names a friend

A

3 /o

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64
Q

does does babe know their first and last name

A

4 y/o

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65
Q

-Good articulation, tells simple story using full sentences, uses appropriate tenses and pronouns, can count to 10, and names at least 4 colors

A

5 and 6y/o

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66
Q
  • Describes features of himself, including gender, age, interests, and strengths
  • Responsive or withdrawn; friendly or hostile/aggressive; cooperative or defiant
  • Acts appropriately for community’s or family’s cultural values
  • Plays with favorite toys (describe play)
  • Listens to stories
  • Engages in fantasy play
A

4 y/o

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67
Q 
Hops on one foot
Balances on one foot for 2 seconds
Builds tower of 8 blocks
Copies cross
Pours, cuts, and mashes own food
Brushes own teeth
Dresses self, including buttons
A

4 y/o

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68
Q 
Names 4 colors
Aware of gender (of self and others)
Plays board/card games
Draws person with 3 parts
Tells you what they think is going to happen next in book
A

4 y/o

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69
Q

Knows name and use of cup, ball, spoon, and crayon

Identifies self as girl or boy

A

3 y/o

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70
Q

-Able to tie knot, mature pencil grasp, can draw person with at least 6 body parts, prints some letters and numbers, and is able to copy squares and triangles

A

5 and 6 y/o

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71
Q

when is babe aware of gender

A

4 y/o

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72
Q
  • Balances on one foot, hops, and skips

- Follows simple directions, able to listen and attend, and undresses and dresses with minimal assistance

A

5 and 6 y/o

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73
Q
  • Hops on one foot
  • Balances on one foot for 2 seconds
  • Builds tower of 8 blocks
  • Copies cross
  • Pours, cuts, and mashes own food
  • Brushes own teeth
  • Dresses self, including buttons
A

4 y/o

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74
Q

when does babe balance on one foot for 1 second

A

3 years old

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75
Q

when can babe dress self

A

4 y/o

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76
Q
  • Builds tower of 6-8 cubes
  • Throws ball overhand
  • Rides tricycle
  • Walks up stairs alternating feet
  • Balances on 1 foot for 1 second
  • Copies a circle
  • Draws a person with 2 body parts (head and one other part)
  • Toilet trained during daytime for both bowel andbladder?
A

3 y/o

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77
Q

toilet trained during daytime

A

3 y/o

78
Q

rides tricycle

A

3 y/o

79
Q

what is considered infancy

A

newborn-1 year

80
Q

what is considered early childhood?

A

1-4 yrs old

81
Q

what is middle childhoood

A

5-18 yrs old

82
Q

what age can babe -fixates on human face and follows w/ eyes

A

2 weeks

83
Q

what age can babe -prone: lifts head, neck and upper chest w/ support on forearms

A

2 months

84
Q

what age can babe- -prone: holds head upright and raises body on hands

A

4 months

85
Q

what age is babe - able to comfort self (w/out breast/bottle)

A

4 months

86
Q

begins to show signs of stranger danger

A

6 months

87
Q

starts to self-feed

A

6 months

88
Q

may pull to stand

A

9 months

89
Q

transfers small objects hand to hand

A

6 months

90
Q

rolls over

A

6 months

91
Q

understands some words, e.g. no-no, bye-bye

-babbles, imitates

A

9 months

92
Q

Will begin to use consonant sounds (“m,” “b”) and then combine together (“ah,” “ba”) as jargon

A

6 months

93
Q

Pushes chest up to elbows

A

4 months

94
Q

Demonstrates symmetrical movements of arms and legs

A

4 months

95
Q

Uses wide variety of repetitive consonants and vowel sounds

A

9 months

96
Q

starts to point out objects

A

9 months

97
Q

Begins to roll and reach for objects

A

4 months

98
Q

wave “bye-bye”

A

12 months

99
Q

Indicates what they want by pulling, pointing, or grunting

A

15 months

100
Q

Walks well, stoops, and recovers

A

15 months

101
Q

Makes or imitates horizontal and circular strokes with crayon

A

24 months

102
Q

stacks 2-3 blocks

A

18 months

103
Q

stacks 5-6 blocks

A

24 months

104
Q

can build tower with 6-8 blocks

A

3 y/o

105
Q

can balance on 1 foot for 2 seconds

A

4 y/o

106
Q

understandable 75% of the time to others

A

3 y/o

107
Q

Walks up stairs alternating feet

A

3 y/o

108
Q

draws a person with 2 body parts

A

3 y/o

109
Q

Copies cross

A

4 y/o

110
Q

draw a person with 3 body parts

A

4 y/o

111
Q

names 4 colors

A

4 y/o

112
Q

can draw a person with 6 body parts

A

5 y/o

113
Q

nightmares typically start around

A

4-5 y/o

114
Q

night terrors typically start around

A

7 y/o

115
Q

Booster seat until how tall/old?

A

57 inches or 8 y/o in Colorado

116
Q

when do you assess if they are kindergarden ready?

A

5 y/o

117
Q

can start introducing solid food if shows interest

A

4 months

*introducing too early can lead to DM2, obesity, increase allergy risk

118
Q

how do you introduce new foods to babies?

A
  • Can start w/ any SINGLE new puréed food at a time (fruit, veggie, grain, etc.)
  • Could start with veggie become fruit so they like it better
  • Could take multiple exposures to a food
  • New food every 3-5 days to tell if they are going to have an allergy or intolerance
119
Q

swaddle a baby until how old

A

4-6 months

120
Q

start rolling over by how old

A

6 months

121
Q

rear facing car seat until how old

A

2 y/o or 20 lbs

122
Q

check hip development until how old

A

2 yrs

123
Q

avg kid sleeps 8 hrs consectively at what age

A

6 months

124
Q

average age for teething is

A

7-8 months

125
Q

claw pinch with fingers around how old

A

6 months

126
Q

how much Vit. D should all kids get?

A

400IUs

127
Q

when can you offer the flu vaccine?

A

6 months

*kids under 9y/o need 2 shots for first flu vaccine

128
Q

Screen hemoglobin at what age

A

9 months

129
Q

encourage breastfeeding until how old

A

12 months

130
Q

screen for autism at what age

A

18 months and 2 years

131
Q

precise pinching at age

A

12 months

132
Q

appetitie might change around ____ because caloric intake decreases

A

12 months

133
Q

when could you introduce another language

A

any age

134
Q

when do you start tracking the kid on a “big-kids” curve?

A

24 months

135
Q

when can a kid get the intranasal flu vaccine?

A

24 months

136
Q

teach your kid to swim

A

5-6 y/o

137
Q

can print some letters and numbers

A

5-6 y/o

138
Q

able to copy squares and triangles

A

5-6 y/o

139
Q

what anticipatory guidance would you give to a 1-2 week y/o regarding use of a pacifier

A
  • If breastfeeding, wait to introduce pacifier until 1 m/o to ensure breastfeeding is firmly established
  • Avoid using any artificial nipples (i.e. pacifiers, bottles) until 4-6 weeks when breastfeeding is well established
140
Q

1-2 week year old Usual signs of hunger include

A

putting hand to mouth, sucking, rooting, pre-cry facial grimaces, and fussing (crying is late sign of hunger)

141
Q

what anticipatory guidance for a 1-2 week year old in regards to how often babe should be feeding

A
  • In first few days, baby should be encouraged to breastfeed about 8-12 times in 24 hours to help mature breast milk come in
  • Babies go through “feeding frenzy” 3-4 days after birth where they want to eat every 1-2 hours
  • At 1 week, baby will eat every 2-3 hours during day and every 3 hours at night with one longer 4-5 hour stretch between feedings; feed at least 8-12 times in 24 hours
142
Q

Signs of fullness when breastfeeding

A

turning head away from nipple, closing mouth, and relaxed hands

143
Q

anticipatory guidance for 1-2 week y/o in regards to elimination

A

-Baby should have 6-8 wet diapers in 24 hours after milk comes in; stools as frequently as 1 per feeding or every few days; stools loose if breastfeeding

144
Q

Cord care

A

“air dry,” keep diaper below cord until it falls out (10-14 days)

  • slight bleeding for day or 2 after it falls off
  • belly bands and alcohol on cord not recommended
  • call if bad smell, redness, or fluid from cord arise
145
Q

what to do with used formula

A

put unused formula back in refrigerator and don’t mix with new formula
-if heated and left out for 1+ hours, discard it

146
Q

when can you start taking a baby’s temperature by ear or mouth

A

4 y/o

otherwise use rectal temp

147
Q

what is considered a fever

A

100.4F/38.0C is considered fever

148
Q

when are skin rashes common

A

4 and 8 weeks

149
Q

When do you advise tummy time and why is it recommended

A

1-2 weeks f/u

Babies need “tummy time” to stimulate muscle development & prevent development of flat area on back of head

150
Q

anticipatory guidance 1-2 weeks:

when do babies go through growth spurts

A

6 and 8 weeks

*may require more milk at this time

151
Q

2 month anticipatory guidance for babe’s position

A

-Back to sleep and prone to play

152
Q

2 month anticipatory guidance for how often the baby should eat

A
  • Baby still needs to eat every 2-4 hours but can go one longer stretch of 4-5 hours without feeding
  • By 3 months, breastfed infants feed every 2-3 hours; if receiving 6-12 feedings in 24 hours, may have one longer stretch of 4-5 hours at night between feedings
  • Formula-fed babies feed every 3-4 hours with one longer stretch at night of up to 5 or 6 hours at night between feedings
153
Q

4 month anticipatory guidance:

signs baby is ready to eat solid food

A
  • fading of tongue thrust reflex (pushing food out of mouth)

- can raise tongue to move pureed food to back of mouth and opens mouth when spoon approaches

154
Q

anticipatory guidance:

when does baby’s eye sight improve

A

baby’s vision gradually improves during 1st year of life

- by 6 months, should be able to follow parent around room with eyes

155
Q

Anticipatory guidance:
Baby’s gross motor skills (ability to control head and body parts and to move around) will rapidly develop during next 3 months

A

9 months

156
Q

Anticipatory guidance:

Children ____ years old shouldn’t watch TV, DVDs, or videos, or use computer products

A

under 2 years old

157
Q

Anticipatory guidance:

typical for baby’s growth to slow down

A

6 months

158
Q 
anticipatory guidance:
brief timeout (1-2 minutes) or until undesirable behavior stops
A

12 months

159
Q

should continue to have at least one nap during day

A

12 months

160
Q

Get child to dentist by ____ or after first tooth

A

12 months

161
Q

rear facing carseat for 12 month y/o

A
  • up to 30 pounds and 32 inches for infant only

- up to 35 pounds and at least 36 inches for convertible seats

162
Q

anticipatory guidance:

Never make fun of fear; don’t force them to confront people who scare them

A

15 months

163
Q

anticipatory guidance:

Toilet training readiness – recognizing signs of readiness, parental expectations

A

18 months

164
Q

anticipatory guidance:

Wait to start toilet training until toddler is dry for periods of about _____

A

2 hrs

165
Q

anticipatory gudiance:

Encourage child to play with other children but don’t expect them to share play or toys yet

A

24 months

166
Q

Children use toilet more frequently than adults, often up to _____ times a day

A

10 times a day

167
Q

Limit TV watching to no more than _____

A

1-2 hrs a day

168
Q

anticipatory guidance:

Preschool considerations – readiness for early childhood programs, playgroups, or playdates

A

2.5 yrs old

169
Q

anticipatory guidance:

Encouraging literacy activities – singing, talking, describing, observing, reading

A

3 y/o

170
Q

anticipatory guidance:
School readiness – structured learning experiences, opportunities to socialize with other children, fears, friends, fluency

A

4 y/o

171
Q

anticipatory guidance:
Engage child by pointing out letters, particularly ones that begins their name if they show interest in words and play with sounds by making rhymes of real and nonsense words

A

4 y/o

172
Q

anticipatory guidance:

Anticipate child’s normal curiosity about their body and differences between sexes*

A

4 y/o

*use correct terms for genitals

173
Q

anticipatory guidance:
Explain to child that certain parts of body (those normally covered by bathing suit) are private and shouldn’t be touched by others without their permission

A

4 y/o

174
Q

PE:
Genitals: testes
fully descended

A

1 year

175
Q

when do you first calculate BMI

A

2 y/o

176
Q

participates in parellel play

A

2 y/o

177
Q

when you start measuring height standing?

A

2 y/o

178
Q

when do you attempt opthalmoscopic exam

A

3 y/o

179
Q

start checking BP at what age

A

4 y/o

180
Q

PE:

Developmental structured develop mental screening (universal)

A

2.5 y/o

181
Q

PE:
Visual acuity: objective measure using HOTV tumbling E test; snellen letters and numbers orpicture tests (Allen figure or LEA symbols)

A

3 y/o

182
Q

assign chores

A

5 y/o

183
Q

physical Exam: Neurologic: evaluate tone, strength, and symmetry of movements; elicit parachute reflex

A

9 months

184
Q

physical exam: Parachute reflex (arms go forward as if to catch a fall forward) to check for hemiparesis

A

9 months

185
Q

screening: Screening: TB (S): positive risk screening questions; TB skin test

A

6 months

186
Q

physical exam: Torticollis (head tilt) metatarsus adductus (food deformity)

A

2 months

187
Q

Physical Exam: Eyes: assess ocular mobility for lateral and horizontal gaze

A

6 months

188
Q

Screening: Vision (S): parental concern, abnormal fundoscope exam, or abnormal cover/uncover test; refer to ophthalmology

A

9 months

189
Q

Physical exam:Head: palpate fontanel

A

2 months

190
Q

1-2 weeks:

how many stools per day

A

3 or 4 stools perday

191
Q

Some children may go through period of nigh waking; briefly visit with reassurance

A

15 months

Pediatric Growth and Development (3 decks)

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