Infancy

Question 1

Is the sequence in which earliest growth always occurs at the top - the head - with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way down from top to bottom.

Answer 1

Cephalocaudal Pattern

Question 2

The sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves towards the extremities.

Ex: infants control the muscle of their tunk and arms before they control their hands and fingers

Answer 2

Proximodistal pattern

Question 3

In first several days of life, most newborns lose 5 to 7 percent of their weight before they adjust to feeding, sucking, swallowing and digesting.

• they grow rapidly gaining an average of 5 to 6 ounces per week during the first month, doubled their weight by 4 months and tripled it by their first birthday.
• infants grow about 1 inch per month
• Growth slows in the second year of life, doubling their birth length by their first birthday

Answer 3

Height and Weight

Question 4

One of the most dramatic changes in the brain in the first two years of life. Which increases the connections between neurons.

Answer 4

Dendritic spreading

Question 5

It speeds the conduction of nerve impulses, and it continues through Infancy and even into adolescence.

Answer 5

Myelination

Question 6

Has two hemispheres ( left and right)

Answer 6

The Cerebral Cortex

Question 7

Refers to the specialization of functions in one hemisphere or the other. Early experiences play an important role in brain development.

Answer 7

Lateralization

Question 8

Are formed early in infants life. Before birth, genes mainly direct neurons to different locations.

-After birth, the inflowing stream of sights, sounds, smell, touches, language, and eye contact helps to shape the brains neural connections, as does stimulation from caregivers and others

Answer 8

Neural connections

Question 9

Brain development is influenced by a persons environment and experiences, is an increasingly popular perspective.

Answer 9

Neuroconstructivist view

Question 10

Newborns usually sleep about 18 hours a day. By 6 months, infants approach adult-like sleeping patterns.

Answer 10

Sleep

Question 11

During which dreaming occurs is present more in early infancy than in childhood and adulthood

Answer 11

REM sleep

Question 12

A condition that occurs when a sleeping infant suddenly stops breathing and dies without an apparent cause

Answer 12

Sudden Infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Question 13

Infants need to consume 50 cal. Per day for each pound they weigh.

Answer 13

Nutrition

Question 14

It is a program that has produced positive benefits in low income families in the united states.

Answer 14

Woman, Infants, and Children (WIC) program

Question 15

These are automatic movements that govern the newborns behavior. Include sucking,rooting, and mono reflexes. Permanent reflexes include coughing and blinking.

Answer 15

Reflexes

Question 16

Involve large muscle activities. Key skills developed during infancy include control of posture and walking.

Answer 16

Gross Motor Skills

Question 17

Involve finely tuned movements. The onset of reaching and grasping marks.

Answer 17

Fine motor skills

Question 18

Sensation occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors. Perception in the interpretation of sensation

Answer 18

Sensory and Perceptual Development

Question 19

Created by Gibson, which sates that we directly perceive information that exist in the world around us.

Answer 19

The Ecological View

Question 20

Researchers have developed a number of methods to assess the infants perception. Including the visual preference method ( which Fantz use to determine young infants preference for looking at patterned over non patterned displays), habituation and dishabituation and tracking.

Answer 20

Visual Perception

Question 21

• The fetus can hear during the last two months of pregnancy. Immediately after birth, newborns can hear.
• newborns can respond to touch and feel pain
• newborns can differentiate odors and sensitivity to taste may be present before birth.

Answer 21

Other Senses

Question 22

The ability to relate and integrate information from two or more sensory modalities

Answer 22

Intermodal Perception

Question 23

Children actively construct their own cognitive worlds, building mental structures to adapt to their world.

Answer 23

Piaget’s Theory of Infant Development

Question 24

• Are actions or mental representations that organize knowledge.

Answer 24

Schemas

Question 25

Type of Schema:

(Physical activities) Characterized Infancy

Answer 25

Behavioral Schemas

Question 26

Type of Schema:

(Cognitive activities) develop in childhood.

Answer 26

Mental Schemas

Question 27

occurs when children use their existing schemas to deal with new information.

Answer 27

Assimilation

Question 28

refers to children’s adjustment of their schemas in the face of new information.

• Through organization, children group isolated behaviors into a higher-order, more smoothly functioning cognitive system.

Answer 28

Accommodation

Question 29

is a mechanism Piaget proposed to explain how children shift from one cognitive stage to the next. As children experience cognitive conflict in trying to understand the world, they use assimilation and accommodation to attain equilibrium. The result is a new stage of thought.

Answer 29

Equilibration

Question 30

In sensorimotor thought, the first of Piaget’s four stages, the infant organizes and coordinates sensations with physical movements. The stage lasts from birth to about 2 years of age.

Answer 30

The Sensorimotor Stage

Question 31

Sensorimotor thought has six substages:

Answer 31

o simple reflexes
o first habits and primary circular reactions
o secondary circular reactions
o coordination of secondary circular reactions
o tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity
o and internalization of schemes

Question 32

The ability to understand that objects continue to exist even when the infant is no longer observing them.

Answer 32

Object Permanence

Question 33

Operant _______ techniques have been especially useful to researchers in demonstrating infants’ perception and retention of information about perceptual-motor actions.

Answer 33

Conditioning

Question 34

is the focusing of mental resources on select information, and in infancy attention is closely linked with habituation. In the first year, much of attention is of the orienting/ investigative type, but sustained attention also becomes important.

Answer 34

Attention

Question 35

is the repeated presentation of the same stimulus, causing reduced attention to the stimulus. If a different stimulus is presented and the infant pays increased attention to it, dishabituation is occurring.

Answer 35

Habituation

Question 36

plays an important role in infant development, especially in the infant’s acquisition of language.

Answer 36

Joint attention

Question 37

It is the retention of information over time. Infants as young as 2 to 6 months of age can retain information about perceptual-motor actions. However, many experts argue that what we commonly think of as memory (consciously remembering the past) does not occur until the second half of the first year of life. By the end of the second year, long-term memory is more substantial and reliable.

Answer 37

Memory

Question 38

Meltzoff has shown that newborns can match their behaviors (such as protruding their tongue) to those of a model. His research also shows that deferred imitation occurs as early as 9 months of age.

Answer 38

Imitation

Question 39

Mandler argues that it is not until about 7 to 9 months of age that infants form conceptual categories, although we do not know precisely when concept formation begins. Infants’ first concepts are broad. Over the first two years of life, these broad concepts gradually become more differentiated.

Answer 39

Concept Formation and Categorization

Question 40

Among the milestones in infant language development are:
• Crying (birth)
• Cooing (1 to 2 months)
• Babbling (6 months)
• Making the transition from universal linguist to language-specific listener (6 to 12 months)
• Using gestures (8 to 12 months) • Comprehending words (8 to 12 months) • Speaking one’s first word (13 months) • Undergoing a vocabulary spurt (19 months)
• Rapidly expanding one’s understanding of words (18 to 24 months)
• Producing two-word utterances (18 to 24 months).

Answer 40

How Language Develops

Question 41

Psychologists stress that emotions, especially facial expressions of emotions, have a biological foundation. Biological evolution endowed humans to be emotional, but embeddedness in culture and relationships provides diversity in emotional experiences.

Answer 41

Emotional Development

Question 42

the first language with which parents and infants communicate, and _______ play key roles in parent child relationships. Infants display a number of _______ early in their development, although researchers debate the onset and sequence of these _______.

Answer 42

Emotions

Question 43

is the most important mechanism newborns have for communicating with the people in their world. Babies have at least three types of cries—basic, anger, and pain cries.

Answer 43

Crying

Question 44

Infants show a strong interest in their social world and are motivated to understand it. Infants orient to the social world early in their development. Face to-face play with a caregiver begins to occur at about 2 to 3 months of age. Newly developed self-produced locomotion skills significantly expand the infant’s ability to initiate social interchanges and explore their social world more independently.

Answer 44

Social Orientation/Understanding

Question 45

is a close emotional bond between two people. In infancy, contact comfort and trust are important in the development of attachment. Bowlby’s ethological theory stresses that the caregiver and the infant are biologically predisposed to form an attachment.

Answer 45

Attachment and Its Development

Question 46

He created the Strange Situation, an observational measure of attachment. He points out that secure attachment in the first year of life provides an important foundation for psychological development later in life. The strength of the link found between early attachment and later development has varied somewhat across studies.

Answer 46

Ainsworth

Question 47

Cargivers of _______ are sensitive to the babies’ signals and are consistently available to meet their needs.

Answer 47

Securely attached babies

Question 48

Caregivers of ______ tend to be unavailable or rejecting.

Answer 48

Insecure avoidant babies

Question 49

Caregivers of _______ tend to be inconsistently available to their babies and usually are not very affectionate.

Answer 49

Insecure resistant babies

Question 50

Caregivers of ______ often neglect or physically abuse their babies.

Answer 50

Insecure disorganized babies

Question 51

The transition to parenthood requires considerable adaptation and adjustment on the part of parents. Children socialize parents, just as parents socialize children. Parent-infant synchrony and scaffolding are important aspects of reciprocal socialization. Belsky’s model describes direct and indirect effects of marital relations, parenting, and infant behavior. Parents use a wide range of methods to manage and guide infants’ behavior.
• The mother’s primary role when interacting with the infant usually is caregiving; the father’s is playful interaction.

Answer 51

The Family (Social Context)