Infalmmation

Question 1

Inflammation

Answer 1

This is the stereotype response of living vascularized cell to a sub lethal injury

Question 2

Exudation

Answer 2

Is an inflammatory response at site of injury due to increase permeability of small blood vessels.
•movement of fluid, proteins, and blood cells from the vascular system into the interstitium or body cavities.
•Are extravascular fluid having high protein concentration, contains cellular debris, and has a high specific gravity >1.020

Question 3

Transudate

Answer 3

An extra vascular fluid with low specific gravity <1.012, low protein, low cellular component.

It does not have to do with increased membrane permea

Question 4

Edema

Answer 4

Accumulation of fluid in the interstitial or serous cavities, either exudate or transudate

Question 5

Purulent exudate

Answer 5

inflammatory exudate rich in leukocytes, the debris of dead cells debris and microbes

Question 6

Hallmark of acute inflammation

Answer 6

The production of protein rich exudate- edema

Question 7

Factors for vascular leakage

Answer 7

increased formation of interendothelial spaces in venules elicited by many chemical mediators: histamine, bradykinin, leukotrienes, the neuropeptide substance P.
•2.Direct endothelial injury by apoptosis
delayed prolonged leakage, and affecting ve Ike’s and arterioles
3. Leukocyte mediated endothelial injury
4. Increased transcytosis: vesiculovacuolar organelles are located around the intercellular junctions and cause leakage from the vessel via vegf
5. Newly formed blood vessel have immature intercellular junctions and therefore they are prone to vascular leakage

Question 8

Cellular components of acute inflammation

Answer 8

• neutrophils
• macrophages
  -chemical mediators
• chemical substances that drive the inflammation

Question 9

How do leukocytes leave the vascular system

Answer 9

They secrete collagenases

Question 10

Chemotaxis

Answer 10

Unilateral movement of leucocytes toward a chemical attractant.

Question 11

Components of acute inflammation

Answer 11

A. Changes in vascular calibre that lead to increased blood flow.
•B. Increased vascular permeability allowing plasma protein and leucocyte to leave circulation through structural changes in microvasculature
•C. Leukocyte emigration (extravasations),accumulation at site of injury, activation to eliminate offending agent (phagocytosis)

Question 12

Causes of acute inflammation

Answer 12

Infections: bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic and microbial toxins
•Tissue necrosis : ischemia (myocardial infarct), trauma, hypoxia and physical and chemical injury (thermal injury, burns,frostbite, irradiation,environmental chemicals).
•Foreign bodies: splinters, dirts, sutures.
•Immune reactions: hypersensitivity reactions or autoimmune diseases.

Question 13

Chemotactic factors

Answer 13

Bacteria products.
•Complement component - C5a
•Arachidonic acid metabolites esp. leukotiene B4(LBT4), HETE-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and kallikrein.
•Cytokines -IL8.

Question 14

Phagocytosis

Answer 14

Ingestion of particulate material by phagocytic cells(neutrophils & monocyte-macrophages).

Question 15

Opsonisation

Answer 15

the coating of a particulate material by substances called opsonin to facilitate phagocytosis.