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poplhlth 111 > Inequalties > Flashcards

Inequalties Flashcards

1
Q

What are inequalities

A

Measurable differences or variations in health

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2
Q

What is the social gradient

Inequalities

A

Differences in health experience and outcomes between different populations groups according to SEP, area, age, disability, gender, ethnic group/

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3
Q

What are inequities

A

Inequalities that are deemed to be unfiar or stemming from some form of injustice

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4
Q

What are health inequities

A

Differences in the distribution of resources/services across populations which do not reflect health needs

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5
Q

Why reduce inequalities

A
  1. They are unfair
  2. Unavoidable
  3. Affect everybody
  4. Reducing inequities can be cost effective
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6
Q

Describe Maori health status using key indicators

A
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7
Q

Maori ehalth is exemplified by what systematic disparities

A
  • Health outcomes
  • in exposure to the determinants of health
  • in health system responsiveness,
  • in representation in health workforce
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8
Q

What does structural interventions refer to from the lessons from the titanic

A

More lifeboats and no barriers

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9
Q

Social interventions from lessons from the titanic

A
  • rights based approach, commitment to review and ‘level playing field’
  • not aimed at individual behavior
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10
Q

three

What are the determinants of ethnic inequities in health

A
  1. differential access to health determinants or exposures leading to differences in disease incidence
  2. differential access to health care
  3. differences in quality of care received
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11
Q

Structural contribution in Maori health

A

That the power, resources and opportunities of NZ society are organised by ethnicity

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12
Q

Societal contribution in Maori health

A

There are values and assumptions widely held in NZ society about the deservedness of different groups of people

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13
Q

What are downstream determinants

A

A determinate of health that is proximate or near to the change in health of status

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14
Q

What is an upstream determinate

A

A determinate of healht that is either distant in time and/or plae from the change in health status

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15
Q

What is the difference between upstream and downstream determinants

A

Upstream - what cases people to smolke
* interventions operate at the macro (proximal) level including treatment systems and disease management

Downstream - what causes exposure to cigartte smoke
* interventions operate at the macro (distal) level such as the government

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16
Q

What are the four capitals

A

Intergenerational wellbeing relying on growth, cultural and environmental conditions. They are interdependent and workd together

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17
Q

What is natural capital

A

Refers to all aspects of the natural environment needed to support life and human activity
e.g land, soil, water, plants

18
Q

What is social capital

A

The norms and values that underpin society
* includes trust, the rule of law, the Crown-Maori relationship, cultural identity and the connections between the people and the communities

19
Q

What is human capital

A
  • people’s skills, knowledge and physical and mental health
  • things that enable people to partake fully in work, study, recreation and society more broadly
20
Q

What is financial capital

A
  • Inclues things like houses, roads buildings
  • make up the countries physical and financial assets which have a direct role in supporting incomes and material living conditions
21
Q

What is structure in population health

A
  • Social and physical environment conditions/pattersn (sometimes refered to as social determinants) that influence chouss and opportunities available
22
Q

What is agency in population health

A

The capacity of an individual/community to act independently and make free choices

23
Q

What is the purpose of the Dahlgren and Whitehead framwork

A

Identify determinants of health (risk or protective factors of disease) and consider levels of intervention

24
Q

What does it mean when there is permeability between the factors of the D&W model

A
  • No arch operates in isolation from the others
  • Events at one level may impact on factors at another
25
Q

What is social-economic position

A

The social and economic factors that influence what positions individuals or groups hold within the structure of society

26
Q

What three things must the determinatns of SEP be

A

Objective, measurable and meaningful

27
Q

Why do we measure SEP

A
  • quanitify the level of inequality within or between our socities
  • highligh changes to population structures over time
  • understand relationship between health and other social variables (age, sex, ethnicity)
28
Q

What factors do we look at when measuring SEP for individuals

A

Education, income, occupation, housing and assets and wealth

29
Q

What do we look at when measuring SEP for populations

A

Area measures: deprivation, and access
Population measures: income inequality, literacy rates, GDP per capita

30
Q

SEP on living and working conditions

A

Using area based measures of SEP, other measues include social fragmentaion, and accessibility indices

31
Q

What is the definition of deprivation

A

A state of observable and demonstrable disadvantage relative to the local community of the wider socity or nation to which an individual, family or group belongs

32
Q

Where should deprivation be applied to

A

Conditions and quality of life that are of a lower standard that is ordinary in a particular society

33
Q

What are the variables included in NZDep2013

A
  • Communication
  • income
  • employment
  • qualification
  • owned home
  • support
  • living space
  • living conditions
34
Q

SEP on the general socio-econimic, cultural and environmental condotions

A
  • Group populations with similar SEP levels together and compare
  • cross sectional or longitudinal analyses
35
Q

Advantage of prioritised output

A
  • ensures that where some need exists to assign people to a single ethnic group
  • produces data easy to work with as each individual appears once. sum of ethnic group will add up to total NZ population
36
Q

Disadvantage of prioritised output

A
  • Places people in specific ethnic groups which simplifies yet biasses the resulting statistics as it over-represents some groups at the expenes of others in ethnic group counts
  • externally applied single ethnicity which is inconsistent with the concept of self-identifcation.
37
Q

Advantage of total response output

A

Potential to represent people who do not identify with any given ethnic group, depending on the level of detail reported

38
Q

Disadvantages of total response output

A
  • Create complexities in the distribution of funding ased on population numbers or in monitoring changes in the ethnic composition of a population in health
  • create issues in interpretation of data reported by ethnic groupings where comparisons between groups include overlapping data.
39
Q

What is numeral ageing

A

The absolute increase in the population that is elderly
* reflects previous demographic patterns
* improvements in life expectancy

40
Q

What is structural ageing

A

The increase in the proportion of the population that is elderly
* driven by decreases in fertility rates

41
Q

What is a natural decline of the population

A

Occurs when there are more deaths than births in a population
* combination of absolute and structural ageing
* more elderly = more deaths

42
Q

What is absolute decline of the population

A

Occurs when there is insufficient migration to replace the ‘lost’ births and increased deaths

poplhlth 111 (4 decks)

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