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Sociology A-level > Inequalities > Flashcards

Inequalities Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Smith and Noble: Barriers to learning

A 
Barriers to learning: 
Lack of funds to pay for uniform
Low income families suffer ill-health
Not able to pay for private tuition 
Access to computers
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2
Q

Jackson

A

Survey of 2000 higher education students have debt aversion (fear of getting into debt from student loans)

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3
Q

Feinstein

A

2 longitudinal studies affecting children’s success in education:
National Development Study + British Cohort study

He suggested factors including material, parents’ education, quality of schooling

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4
Q

Feinstein overcoming the deprivation

A

Pre-school schemes by Labour gov are overcoming

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5
Q

Gillian Evans - qualitative methodology

A

W/C parents wanted them to do well but did not use formal learning type skills bringing up children so they are less prepared for school

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6
Q

Bernstein: speech patterns

A

Restricted Code

Elaborated Code

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7
Q

Evaluation of Bernstein

A

Problems rooted in wider society not just teachers & educationalists

Bernstein’s definition of social class is vague, it is too simple to divide people into restricted and elaborated code

His evidence is based on unrepresentative research

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8
Q

Bordieu - cultural capital

A

Cultural, social and economic capital

Bourdieu argues the role of the education system is cultural reproduction

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9
Q

The influence of teachers expectations on pupils

Hargreaves

Gillborn and Youdell

A

Hargreaves - interviews with teachers and how students were typed and labelled. Speculation (guesses), working hypothesis (interactions), elaboration (classroom testing), stabilisation

Gillborn and Youdell - 2 secondary schools, allocate sets based on type rather than objective

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10
Q

Fuller on ethnicity and gender

A

Small scale study on w/c black girls, felt teachers held negative stereotypes but they refused to live up to the expectation

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11
Q

In Russel group uni’s white students are under represented

A

Only 14.1% were white BUT only 1/10 Oxbridge candidates were ethnic minorities

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12
Q

PLATT

said ethnic minorities were…

A

The poorest (used to support material deprivation)

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13
Q

MODOOD

Said that ethnic minority parents actually have alot more cultural capital because…

A

They have alot of culture due to their backgrounds however due to language barriers they take low paid jobs

(They actually have alot of knowledge)

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14
Q

ARCHER & FRANCIS

overall all chinese students do better whether it be working class or middle class because…

A

Regardless of their financial situation Chinese parents still invest a lot of money & time into their children’s education

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15
Q

SEWELL

Studied black Caribbean boys in comprehensive schools (11-16) & found…

A

Street culture explains low attainment: in their culture there is a high proportion of lone parent families so black boys have to step up

Put together 4 main subgroups
Conformists 
Innovators 
Retreatists 
Rebels
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16
Q

Evaluation of SEWELL

A

Small scale study so its not representative

Unfair - blames the students for their under achievement without exploring other issues such as bad teaching

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17
Q

CAMERON said that black boys…

A

Choose to preform badly

(Link to SEWELL & blaming students for their under performance)

18
Q

VINCENT parents of the black middle class have…

A

High aspirations & alot of cultural capital

19
Q

HARGREAVES there are 2 subcultures…

A

Deliquescent + conformist

(The conformist boys followed the rules while the deliquescent went against them)

  • link to how boys are underachieving but its not all boys
20
Q

MAC AN GHAIL

Working class have different subcultures

A

Academic achievers

Macho Lads (reject authority)

New enterprisers (interest in vocational studies)

Real Englishmen (uncool to obey teachers)

21
Q

HELEN CONNOR

People from ethnic minorities are more likely to…

A

Take HE qualifications

22
Q

In 2010 black Caribbean’s 82.6% of girls but only 72.2% of boys achieved…

A

5 or more GCSE’s

Compared to 90% of Chinese girls and 90.6% Chinese boys

23
Q

DUSTMAN ethnic groups start off achieving less but…

A

Catch up (the biggest catch up is Chinese & Bangladeshi’s)

24
Q

SHARP changing attitudes for girls…

A

In 1970 their man priorities were love marriage husbands and children but in 1990’s did the same survey at the same school & found their priorities had changed to careers

25
Q

FRANCIS & SKELTON

Girls have increasing pressure to…

A

Pass exams

26
Q

Changes in job market…

A

In 1997 53% of women were in employment but in 2014 67% were

BUT male employment fell because of industrialisation

27
Q

Rise in feminism - the ACTS…

A

Equal Pay Act 1970
Sex Discrimination Act

Led to rise in employment

28
Q

ARNOT said…

A

Female teachers transmit feminist ideas to girls

29
Q

BECK (individualisation) we now live in a ‘risk society’ because…

A

Because they are more concerned with personal issues such as divorce

30
Q

HANAN growing up boys communicate & relate by doing this whereas girls…

A

Express feelings by talking and therefore they developed better language skills = they have higher level of attainment

31
Q

Coursework benefits

A

Because they are more organised

32
Q

ARCHER & JACKSON on different types of female…

A

Archer - sexualised hyper feminine identity (more concerned with hair and beauty)

Jackson - Ladettes (more male characteristics)

33
Q

Boys achieving less…

A

MAC AN GHAIL - crisis of masculinity due to a decline in male jobs (industrialisation)

WILLIS - lad culture ‘having a laff’ (anti school subculture)

FRANCIS - boys have unrealistic career ambitions such as being footballers

GORDON BROWN - in 2006 we have a wasted generation of boys

COFFEY - this leads to a moral panic

34
Q

National Literacy Trust Survey found…

A

76% of boys did not do as well on reading compared to girls

35
Q

The global ‘‘Gender Apartheid’’ in education refers to economic & social sexual discrimination against individuals because of their sex & gender

A

Girls denied opportunities…

In Sub-Saharan Africa only 23% of poor rural girls complete primary education

36
Q

We have an Ethnocentric Curriculum …..

A

Thats focuses on white history

37
Q

GILLBORN & YODELL - teachers racialise expectations…

A

Education triage - teachers focus on students borderline achieving 5 grade C’s or above

38
Q

MIRZA - myth of underachievement for black women

A

Most girls were confident in their own abilities but felt teachers put them down

Argued black girls were denied opportunities due to lower expectations

39
Q

MAC AN GHAIL - gifted black

A

Ethnographic study of 25 black and 25 asians and the majority of students felt they were victims of racism were not necessarily most negative to education

They call it ‘resistance within accommodation’ they bind together to get good marks

40
Q

11+ exams girls used to have to score higher to get a place in a comprehensive school

ALSO IN 1990

A

the gender gap of 5 or more GCSE’s A*- C widened from 7.6% - 10.6%

Girls have always been smarter so they had to work harder

41
Q

In 2004 - girls did better in all subjects apart from maths

In 2012 the average pin t score per student achieved by females at the end of KS5 was 740.3 compared to 706.4 for males

A

In the 1970’s made up only 1/3 of the students in HE

BY 1990’s they outnumbered males

42
Q

Are females out preforming males?

Only some boys are under achieving

White working class are underachieving

BUT feminists says

A

Females are still at disadvantaged in some areas of education

Sociology A-level (1 decks)

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