Inection controll Flashcards

Question

In what order do you drape a patient using the four drape method

Answer 1

Sterile side, assistant side, cranial, caudal

Answer 2

Reduce SSI Clear the field to ensure visualisation Reduce bacterial load and fomite contamination Provides good margins for surgery Ensures the surgical area can be disinfected appropriately

Answer 3

Unstable patients/critical emergencies Pregnant patients requiring a c-section Should be done no more than 1hr prior to anaesthesia

Answer 4

Clip in the direction of the fur Ensure clippers are clean and well lubricated Monitor clippers for heat Clip in the opposite direction of the fur to remove the finer hair Check the clippers for damage Use appropriate blade size Clean between each patient

Answer 5

Increased risk of bacterial colonisation and SSI

Answer 6

Environment Animals Humans

Answer 7

Underlying medical conditions Immunocompromised/Immunosupressed Undergoing chemo or radiotherapy tx Juveniles/paediatric Geriatric Unvaccinated Pregnant patients

Answer 8

-Thorough cleaning should be left until the end of the day when all surgical procedures are finished This allows all airborne particles disturbed in the cleaning process time to settle before the next procedure -REMEMBER the OR should always be ready for either the next day or for emergencies -Empty the theatre of waste and surgical equipment -Move objects to ensure thorough cleaning when sweeping and mopping -Thoroughly clean all surfaces End of the day cleaning should include scrub area, surgical storage area, prep room -Restock equipment and anaesthesia drugs -Empty and clean all bins and vacuum cleaners -Wash all theatre drapes and theatre shoes -Replenish theatre PPE

Answer 9

-Empty the OR of all moveable equipment -All the equipment in the OR should be thorough cleaned and returned to theatre -Work methodically- ceiling to floor All fixed structures should be cleaned including walls, floors, drains -Cupboards/theatre storage should be emptied, cleaned and re-stocked -Theatres should always be ready to use in case of an emergency

Answer 10

Transmission of disease

Answer 11

lives in or on the host, but cause no harm nor derive any benefit

Answer 12

presence of micro-organisms in amounts that are not harmful, may be a carrier

Answer 13

aka mutualistic – benefits both itself and micro-organism with its presence

Answer 14

Breed or genetic/breed disposition factors Parasite risks for the individual ie indoor Live with other animals especially felines Type of medication ie ability to administer Frequency required Parasites needing to be covered ie travelling

Answer 15

Individual living organisms that cause disease

Answer 16

Obtain molecules from environment

Answer 17

Synthesise there own food

Answer 18

Feed on dead organic matter

Answer 19

Live on a host, obtain nutrients from the host, majority depend on host for survival

Answer 20

Simple life cycles Reproduce/replicate rapidly Small Mutate Easily enter host Increase rapidly in numbers Respond to changes in host immune system to overcome defences host may have

Answer 21

Exotoxin: Found inside living cells Manufactured by living organisms Released in to the surrounding tissue and cells whilst organism still active Leads to toxic shock due to waste bacteria producers Proteins produced by gram +ve Endotoxin: Released upon death of an organisms Gram –ve Heat stable Poor antigens Less toxic

Answer 22

Bacterial cultures Gram –ve/+ve staining

Answer 23

Direct skin contact Indirect from contaminated soil or environment

Answer 24

One Health is an approach calling for the collaborative efforts of multiple disciplines working locally, nationally, and globally, to attain optimal health for people, animals and our environment

Answer 25

Ability of a microbe to resist effects of medication that would previously have been used to treat it Occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites change over time No longer respond to medicines, makes infections harder to treat

Answer 26

MRSA or MRSP (pseudointermedius) High profile Isolated in range of species Unclear whether spread is human to animal or vice versa

Answer 27

Iatrogenesis is the causation of a disease, a harmful complication, or other ill effect by any medical activity, including diagnosis, intervention, error, or negligence.

Answer 28

Endogenous: Normal bacterial flora Enters sterile area of body ie GI tract bacteria causes a UTI Exogenous: Caused by organisms not normally found in body Organisms gained entrance from environment

Answer 29

Ctenocephalides felis(Feline flea)

Answer 30

Linognathus Setosus(Sucking louse of canines)

Answer 31

Sarcoptes Scabiei/ Sarcoptic Mange

Answer 32

Notoedres Cati (Feline mange)

Answer 33

Otedectes Cynotis (Ear mite)

Answer 34

Cheyletiella spp (Walking dandruff)

Answer 35

Infectious agent--Rabies virus Reservoir--Dogs, foxes or other mammals Portal of Exit--Via saliva Mode of Transmission--Direct contact Portal of Entry--Via bites, open wounds, mucous membranes Susceptible host--Dog, other mammals, human. Effect – neurological signs, behavioural change, convulsions, coma, death

Answer 36

Infectious agent- Toxoplasma Gondii Reservoir--Cat Portal of Exit--Oocysts in faeces Mode of Transmission--Infection via intermediate hosts Portal of Entry--Ingestion Susceptible host--Humans

Answer 37

* one named nurse, or contact with patient after other patients * wear appropriate PPE, gloves, apron, disposable cover shoes * contaminated PPE, consumables, newspapers etc in separate clinical waste * appropriate hand washing with soap/antiseptic and water * personal hygiene – don’t touch face/mouth with hands * use footbath with appropriate disinfectant (most are effective) * soak contaminated vetbeds in disinfectant prior to boil wash * use bowl, utensils, cleaning equipment etc only in isolation * clearly identify isolated area and communicate to other staff

Answer 38

* Prepare all equipment and PPE (particularly gloves) * Place animal in secure area * Remove vet beds and newspapers – soiled bed, disinfected and washed, soiled newspapers to clinical waste * Remove gross soiling and organic material * Clean all parts of kennel with detergent/disinfectant * Rinse with clean water * Disinfect all kennel at correct dilution rate * Leave for appropriate contact time * Rinse/dry * Remove PPE and dispose * Wash hands

Answer 39

Bloods, culture and sensitivity

Answer 40

Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Answer 41

Ability of microbe to resist effects of medication –antibiotics that would have previously been used to treat a condition. The number of resistant bacteria have increased, partly due to misuse of antibiotics in the 1970’s.

Answer 42

Agreed prescribing policy which will reduce the antibiotic use in practice.

Answer 43

creams or ointments, injections, or tablets

Answer 44

This is because low levels of bacteria may still be present which would be capable of multiplying again if the course is stopped early.

Answer 45

Health care associate MRSA- acquired in hospital or care facilities.

Answer 46

Surgical sites, areas of implants.

Answer 47

Skin-to-skin contact with someone/animal who has a staph infection. Contact with surfaces that have staph on them. Compromised immune systems. Contaminated equipment. Poor hand hygiene (healthcare workers not washing their hands or using alcohol-based hands sanitizer between patients).

Answer 48

Practicing good hand hygiene by washing your hands often or using alcohol-based sanitizer. Educating staff and owners. Careful use of antimicrobial agents. Patient surveillance and post-op follow-up.

Answer 49

1) Never mix cleaning solutions. Some mixtures, especially those containing bleach, can be dangerous. 2) Contact time is important. It all depends on the product you use. 3) Never eyeball dilutions. Instead, follow the manufacturer’s specific ratios. 4) Never walk into an OR without a cap and mask. 5) Don’t ever think “cleaning is not in my job description.” 6) Never use a disinfectant without knowing how. 7) Never ask the least trained, lowest paid person to clean your OR. 8) Never use the same cleaning equipment in the OR, isolation, the kennel, and the treatment room. Have a dedicated set for each space. 9) Always wear gloves and follow appropriate safety measures, and not only because the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) demands it. Cleaning products can be toxic and caustic. Protect yourself and your team. 10) Update and follow information in your safety data sheets (SDS) binder. It’s the law

Answer 50

Infective agent – Leptospira Icterohaemorrhagiae and Leptospira Canicola. (1) Reservoir – Cattle, Pigs, Horses, Dogs, Rodents and Wild animals. Portal of Exit – Urine Mode of Transmission – Contact with urine from an infected animal. Contact with contaminated food, water, soil from an infected animal. Portal of Entry – Ingestion or across mucous membranes or skin if broken, cut or scratched. Susceptible Host – Dogs or Humans. Effects on host – Hepatitis or renal failure. (1)

Answer 51

Unicellular organism Microscopic, although larger than bacteria Complex Structure Can be pathogenic Complex lifecycle Some form cysts to assist transmission Many are aquatic (3 marks awarded for any of the above) Disease: Dermatophytosis (1 mark)

Answer 52

Wash hands following WHO hand wash. When handling the cannula, wear gloves. Check the cannula site regularly for any signs of infection such as inflammation or phlebitis. Change cannula dressing regularly.

Answer 53

Lack of hand hygiene as we carry MRSA on our skin.

Answer 54

Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus Methicillin resistant staphylococcus pseudointermedius

Answer 55

* Apply a handful (2-3mls) of antiseptic gel * Rub hands palm to palm * Right palm over left dorsum with fingers interlaced and vice versa * Palm to palm with fingers interlaced. * Backs of fingers to opposing palms with fingers interlocked. * Rotational thumb rubbing of left thumb in right palm and vice versa. * Rotational rubbing of fingertips of right hand in left palm and vice versa. * Total time = 20-30 seconds.

Answer 56

Must not damage equipment Porous Robust – withstand handling and sterilisation Prevent microorganism penetrating the outer layer Cost effective Eco-friendly

Answer 57

1.Wear appropriate PPE – Plastic apron and gloves. 2.Soak instrument in cold water (NOT hot – coagulates blood traces) and chose instrument cleaner. (make sure handles are open to allow solution to move freely around the blades and hinge. 3.Rinse with cool running water and hand brush (distilled water preferably) 4.Check instruments for any damage. 5.Dry the instrument *manually or air dry. 6.Lubricate the hinge joint. 7.Apply protective cover to sharp end (rubber tip/swab) 8.Insert instrument into packaging (the correct way around with hinge open). 9.Insert appropriate indicator. 10.Remove excess air from the packaging 11. Secure the package – airtight seal . 12.Label using permanent marker – instrument name, operator initial and date of packaging/reserialisation date. 13.Set on appropriate cycle 134*c.