Industrilsation

Question 1

What happened during the political crisis of 1782?

Answer 1

In 1782 one of the kings favourite advisors Lord north resigned unexpectedly as prime minister leaving Lord Rockingham in charge. However Rockingham Suddenly died leaving Lord Shelburne in charge Shelburne was distrusted by parliament leading to Charles James fox (who the King hated for opposing the war with the colonies) and the former favourite Lord north trying to force Shelburne to resign.

Question 2

How did the King deal with the political crisis of 1782.

Answer 2

The first thing that the King did was to dismiss Fox and North from parliament. The King then placed William Pitt the former chancellor of the exchequer as the prime minister. However Pitt was very unpopular initially.

Question 3

How was parliament composed?

Answer 3

At the top was the King. Then the prime minster. Next was the House of Lords and finally the House of Commons.

Question 4

What was the role of the King in parliament.

Answer 4

The Kings roles were very limited as Britain was a constitutional monarchy. However the Kings could dismiss any proposals that made it through the commons and the lords. The King was financial dependant on parliament so often would not dismiss any proposals in case he lost money.

Question 5

What was the role of the House of Lords.

Answer 5

The House of Lords could decide on any decisions made in the House of Commons apart from taxes. You could only become a Lord trough hereditary right or nobility or as a favour for tech King.

Question 6

What was the role of the House of Commons?

Answer 6

The House of Commons were in control of the taxes. They were mostly made up of wealthy land owners and were voted in during elections.

Question 7

Why was Pitt initially unsuccessfull as prime minister.

Answer 7

Pitt was very isolated in parliament. He had no support in the House of Commons and nobody would serve in his cabinet. This made it impossible for him to pass any laws.

Question 8

How did Pitt gain enough support for him to win the 1784 election.

Answer 8

Pitt portrayed himself as an independent Whig to gain support from both sides.
Pitt had huge support from the King who backed his campaign with money.
Pitt used his fathers influence to gain more support.
Pitts main rival Charles James fox kept having his proposals blockade by the King. This led to fox proclaiming that the King had to much influence in parliament. This lost fox many supporters
Despite being asked for his resignation Pitt stood defiant and won the election.

Question 9

What was Pitts first priority as prime minster?

Answer 9

Sorting out the nations finances

Question 10

Why was Britain in some much debt?

Answer 10

Britain had been waging war in the American colonies and lost.

Question 11

How Much was Britain in debt by?

Answer 11

£240 million. 16x the governments national revenue.

Question 12

What was the easiest solution for Pitt to do and why did he not do this?

Answer 12

The simple solution for Pitt was to raise taxes. However Pitt was a firm believer of free trade and realise that of you taxes certain goods such as tea or cotton you would destroy the market as most people would not longer be able to afford these items.

Question 13

What did Pitt do to sort out Britain. Finances?

Answer 13

Pitt introduced indirect taxes. These were taxes on essentials people had to buy any way no matter how much the tax was increased. This included: Windows, bricks, candles, horses, coaches and ribbons.

Pitt also removed useless and repeat jobs in parliament often given to or created for lazy sons of lords or nobility.

Pitt also listed taxes on goods such as cotton and tea in order to boost these industry’s.

Pitt also limited MPs postage rights as many were abusing there privileges and postage was very expensive.

Question 14

Was Pitt successful in dealing with tech nations finances?

Answer 14

Pitt was very successful in dealing with the nations finances. Firstly indirect taxes improved government revenue by 25%. Pitt also made more money from lowering taxes on goods such as tea on cotton than if they had raised taxes as these products were more affordable to people. Pitt also promoted trade with other countries which was essentially in restoring the nations finances.

Question 15

What prevented Pitt from his objectives to restore the nations finances?

Answer 15

In 1789 the French Revolution occurred.

Question 16

What were the initial reactions to the French Revolution?

Answer 16

The initial reaction of George 3rd and Pitt was cautiously optimistic. They both thought that France would get rid of the absolute monarchy and instal a constitutional one like in Britain.
Pitts sworn enemy Charles James fox stated that the French Revolution was the greatest event in the history of the world in order to out do Pitt.
Edmund Burke was opposed to the French Revolution and saw it as a threat. He believed that if you destroyed the monarchy and let the mob rule you would end up with a dictatorship. He was correct.

Question 17

What were the effects of the French Revolution in Britain.

Answer 17

The French Revolution brought reformist view points into the spotlight. The most important reform society was the London correspondingly society led by Thomas hardy.

However despite this the reformists were in the minority’s and those who wanted reform faced strong opposition.

Question 18

What were the aims of the London corresponding society?

Answer 18

Good education, old age pensions, benefits, Expansion of the franchise and lower taxes.

Question 19

Why did reformist society’s not make any head way?

Answer 19

They faced strong opposition from opponents. The French Revolution had turned into a blood bath malign many people fear the same would happen in Britain. Most normal people did not want reform.

Question 20

What key event led Britain to war with France?

Answer 20

France invaded the Austria Netherlands (Belgium and Holland) who were strong trade partners with Britain. Britain warned France about the invasion and the French responded by declaring war with Britain.

Question 21

How did Britain wage the war with France?

Answer 21

Britain’s main tactic was to fund our allies to fight against France in Europe. To do This we funded Austria-Hungary Prussia and Russia to engage French forces.

Question 22

When did the napoleonic wars take place?

Answer 22

1796-1815

Question 23

What measures did Pitt take between 1792 and 1797 to suppress the home gown radicals?

Answer 23

The seditious wrongs act prevented reformist view points from being published.
Pitt censored the media to prevent them from reporting on any riots or political activities
Radical leaders were imprisoned
Aliens acts prevented French spies from entering the country.
Leaders of reformist parties could be hung.
Suspension of habeas corpus. This meant that anybody could be imprisoned or arrested without trail or reason if they were a suspected radical.

Question 24

Why was Pitt so concerned about reformist protestors?

Answer 24

The French Revolution. Pitt feared that the same could happen in Britain.
Britain was at war with France and so could not afford to fight radicalism at home.
Reformist society’s wanted reform to help the lower society’s including giving them the vote.

Question 25

Why was the standees of living such a concern?

Answer 25

Many people were living from the countryside to the big towns and cities. This meant that housing was cramped dirty and often one family would live in one room. This allowed disease to frith. Working conditions were no better. Factories were cramped as they were designed to hold machines not workers. Dirty and there were no health and safety concerns at all.

Question 26

Why was Ireland such a problem for Pitt?

Answer 26

Irish problem was a religious problem

Question 27

How did the successive prime ministers to Pitt deal with the war with France?

Answer 27

Pitts immediate successor Henry Addington created the treaty of Amiens in 1802. This Treaty conceded that napoleonic was the master of Europe. This was to by Britain time.
The successors to Pitt followed his strategy of fighting a defensive war with France and focuses on building up Britain strongest assets the Royal Navy.

Question 28

Why do people argue that Percival was the most successful in dealing with the war in France?

Answer 28

Percival continued greenvilles policy of economic warfare with France after napoleon and started the economic warfare by preventing counties in Europe he controlled from gardening with Britain. However napeolen was uncessful as he could not stop trade completely and the economic warfare distorted his own trade as French farmers were prevented from selling crops to the uk.

Question 29

How could war have been seen to be idiot Britain socially and economically?

Answer 29

There was huge demand for materials being used in the war effort such as iron and coal which stimulated production
The war brought in technical innovations
More jobs are created because of the war effort such as weapon and ship building.

Question 30

How did the war effect Britain socially and economically?

Answer 30

Because of advancements in machinery and the speed required for goods many skilled crafters are put out of work by machines.

Taxes were raised to fund the war effort and peoples wages did not increase to meet this demand.

Men were constipated leading to a shortage of man power

Food prices rose after shortages and bad harvest meaning many people could not afford to eat and starved

Trade with other countries was crippled during the war.

Question 31

Who were the luddites?

Answer 31

Luddites were machine brokers often cotton weavers who had been put out of the job by machines who following the influence of Ned Ludd began braking machinery in protest.

Question 32

How are the two periods of Lord loverpools government divided?

Answer 32

The first period is referee to as the prolonged cabinet reshuffle (1821-23) the second was known as the liberal awakening were peril amended the criminal law

Question 33

What were the main reasons for the corn laws?

Answer 33

one reason for the corn law was to limit the impact of the post war slump in prices as demand was much less than it was during the war. The law also protected the landed classes who were represented in parliament from losing out on profits by keeping prices high. The higher prices also profited the farmers as they could sell their grain for more.

Question 34

What were the corn laws?

Answer 34

the corn law banned the importation of foreign wheat to keep British prices high. The law also stated that corn must be sold for 80 shillings so that the land owners can still profit despite the post war slump in prices.

Question 35

3 achievements of Liverpool’s government

Answer 35

The reform of the crime system: paid professionals reduced crime. Less extreme punishments for minor offences meant people were more likely to be prosecuted.

Question 36

What is socialism?

Answer 36

Socialism is the belief that wealth should be shared between everybody eqaly

Question 37

Why did socialism begin to emerge?

Answer 37

Because of the terrible worming conditions caused by industrialisation.

Factory owners were becoming g hugely wealthy while the workers were actually producing these materials.

If the workers are more happy they will become more productive.

Question 38

What was the labour theory of value?

Answer 38

Without labour there is no production and there is no work. Consequently the wealth is that is produced by labour should go to the workers, there is not justification for the employer to take any profit for there selves as the wealth has been created by the labourers.

Question 39

What wrestling the 3 types of Torres?

Answer 39

Liberals who believe in free trade. Traditional Torres who were reluctant reformists. All Torres opposed catholic emancipation and support d the corn laws. Extreme Torres were opposed to all reform.

Question 40

What forced Britain to coincided Catholic emancipation

Answer 40

The county Clair elections. In 1828 a Catholic o Connell had won the county Clair elections with the support of the church Catholic middle class and Irish peasantry and even Protestants who wanted an independent Ireland.

Question 41

What happened with Catholic emancipation bill?

Answer 41

Catholics were eligible to apply for any office of states apart from the regent. Catholics were also granted positions in the commons and House of Lords. O Connell was forced to rerun for his position and the requiem the for the rush vote was raised from 4 shilling to 10 to prevent him gaining support from the people who had voted for him before.

Question 42

How was emancipation a disaster for the Tory party?

Answer 42

Emancipation completely divided the Tory party meaning they were unorganised and allowing the Whigs to take control in 1930

Question 43

How did the Whig gorverent help the reform bill.

Answer 43

The Whigs led by earl grey were much more open to the idea of expanding the franchise to the middle classes than the Torres were.

Question 44

Why was the bill initial blocked in 1931 and what did this cause.

Answer 44

The bill was initially blocked by all the Torres in the house go lords who were against the idea of any type of reform. This led to protests from people demanding reform and even looked as though there was to be a Revolution.

Question 45

What were the impacts of the corn laws?

Answer 45

the corn law had several consequences. Firstly because of the higher prices than necessary many peasants starved as they could not afford the higher prices. This was particularly highlighted as wages were not raised to meet the increased prices. As well as this the higher prices lowered demand making many tenant farmers out of the job leading to even more starvation. As well as this corn prices still dropped as cheap corn could still be imported from the colonies as they were exempt from the laws. This meant that the land owners still were not profiting as much particularly after the war. The corn laws were also highly opposed and lead to serious riots against the laws.

Question 46

What were the key reasons against the corn laws.

Answer 46

People could not afford bread and were starving

Pouring money into an uncompetitive industry is unwise as the money could be used to boost the production of iron and coal which was competitive and also undergoing a post war slump.

Question 47

What were the 3 main issues faced by Liverpool and his government?

Answer 47

Cash (lack of funds), corn (the corn laws) and Catholics (Ireland and catholic emancipation)

Question 48

2 achievements of Liverpool’s government

Answer 48

The reform of the crime system: paid professionals reduced crime. Less extreme punishments for minor offences meant people were more likely to be prosecuted.

Reformation of the combinations acts allowing workers to meet easier again. This did however make strikes redundant

Question 49

How were the liberals composed

Answer 49

The whigs (traditional old MPs who represented the land owning aristocrats)
The juniors whigs (sons of older MPs who were more lassez faire)
Radicals (those who wanted reform such as compete franchise expansion and social reform)
The peelite’s (old conservatives who followed peel from the conservative split. These were open to controlled reform)

Question 50

What was the 1832 reform act

Answer 50

The 1832 reform act allowed some expansion of the franchise to allowed the upper middle classes the right to vote for the first time. Women were still excluded.

Question 51

Explain the county Claire elections

Answer 51

This was a crisis when Daniel o’Connell a radical Irish MP won the county Claire elections. He began to demand complete reform, catholic emancipation and repeal of the act of union. To prevent revolution in Ireland Wellington was forced to grant catholic emancipation. This completely split the Tory party until peel brought them together.

Question 52

List peels reforms

Answer 52

The gold standard (not printing money without back up gold reserves. So effective remained in place until world war 1)
Business reform: allowing money to be lent to start new business bolstering the economy
Educations reforms

Question 53

Which prime misnter was a favourite of queen Victoria

Answer 53

Lord Melbourne

Question 54

Define an absolute monarchy

Answer 54

The monarchy controls the entire Country including taxes. France had an absolute monarchy prior to the French Revolution

Question 55

Define a constitutional monarchy

Answer 55

The king is the head of state and can chose his cabinet but cannot control the laws or raise taxes. These were decided in the commons and lords. Only the commons can decide on tax rates as these were the representatives of the people (the landed classes)

Question 56

Which prime misnter was a favourite of queen Victoria

Answer 56

Lord Melbourne

Question 57

Define an absolute monarchy

Answer 57

The monarchy controls the entire Country including taxes. France had an absolute monarchy prior to the French Revolution

Question 58

Define a constitutional monarchy

Answer 58

The king is the head of state and can chose his cabinet but cannot control the laws or raise taxes. These were decided in the commons and lords. Only the commons can decide on tax rates as these were the representatives of the people (the landed classes)

Question 59

What were the years of the 3 reframe acts that allowed expansion of the franchise

Answer 59

1832- first reform act allowing expansion too the upper middle classes
1867- second reform act granting all middle class and skilled workers the vote
1884- unskilled workers and most of the working class

Question 60

What issues were faced despite the expansion of the franchise.

Answer 60

There was still a huge reliance on property ownership meaning many tenants could not gain the vote despite being respectable members of society

Question 61

What year were the corn laws repealed

Answer 61

1846

Question 62

Why were the corn laws repealed

Answer 62

Peel was a believer in free trade and was looking to repeal the laws since before his ministry.
Ireland underwent a potato famine wiping out the staple diet of the peasantry and leading to starvation
Peel fought l repeal them for this reason. However as the act was passed in over 3 years it was ineffective and really only an excuse.

Question 63

What were the arguments against the corn laws

Answer 63

Disrupted free trade as money was being poured into an uncompetitive industry
High food prices meant that many working class workers could not afford to feed themselves and their families. This was not helped by the fact that wages were not raised to meet this demand.
High food prices meant that people could not spend money on other products lowering demand.

Question 64

What were the reason people supported the corn laws?

Answer 64

Parliaments was dominated by land owners. These owned the farm land that was being farmed and as such would lose massive profits from the completion and lower prices of foreign grain.
Their arguments was that Bristol agriculture would be destroyed by the lowering of prices and farmers would lose their livelihoods
They also argued that because of this their would be a mass exodus of farmers migrating from the countryside and government would be unable to cope with the demand.

Question 65

Why did the anti corn law league seriously?

Answer 65

Unlike the chartist movements the corn law league focussed on 1 Principle and not many and as such were more
organised and determined.
As well as this many of its leaders were middle and upper class industrial owners and parliament did it want to align themselves with the lower classes. As well as this these owners s had recently become enfranchised and could influx e parliament by voting for more sympathetic MPs most notably the whigs who had attempted to pass a repeal to the act several times with no success. Not to mention peel was also sympathetic to reforms.