Industries Of Pakistan

Question 1

What is the importance of textile industry?

Answer 1

Textile industry is one of the largest industries in Pakistan. It plays vital role in contributing to the county’s economy through its industrial production, high employment opportunities and bringing in foreign exchange. The industry is going through tremendous changes with respect to globalization and many economic challenges.

Question 2

What makes textile industry single largest manufacturing sector of the country?

Answer 2

The proportion of textile industry in the country’s economy along with its contribution to exports, in terms of GDP employment, foreign exchange earnings, investment and value addition and revenue generation altogether placed the industry as the single largest manufacturing sector of the country.

Question 3

Which is the main factor of production of textile industry?

Answer 3

The main factor to contribute to huge developments in the textile industry is the production of cotton in the country.

Question 4

Why textile sector is major contributor to Pakistan’s exports?

Answer 4

Textile sector is a major contributor to Pakistan’s total exports, representing approximately 57% of the country’s total exports in FY 2020-21. The textile sector contributes nearly one fourth of industrial value added products and provides employment to 40% industrial labor force. This value added sector of textile industry is a made up sector which in addition to meeting local nerds, exports products under different categories including garments, hosiery, bed wear, towels and tents/canvas.

Question 5

Why textile sector is major contributor to Pakistan’s exports?

Answer 5

Textile sector is a major contributor to Pakistan’s total exports, representing approximately 57% of the country’s total exports in FY 2020-21. The textile sector contributes nearly one fourth of industrial value added products and provides employment to 40% industrial labor force. This value added sector of textile industry is a made up sector which in addition to meeting local nerds, exports products under different categories including garments, hosiery, bed wear, towels and tents/canvas.

Question 6

Which is the major representative association of textile sector in Pakistan?

Answer 6

All Pakistan Textile Mills Association (APTMA) being the major representative association of textile sector in Pakistan, has 396-member textile mills out of which 315 are spinning units, 44 are weaving units and 37 are composite units.

Question 7

Which major cities represent textile industry?

Answer 7

The major cities representing textile industries include Karachi, Faisalabad and Lahore.

Question 8

What is market capitalization?

Answer 8

Market capitalization refers to the total rupee market value of a company’s outstanding shares of stock. Commonly referred to as “market cap,” it is calculated by multiplying the total number of a company’s outstanding shares by the current market price of one share.

Question 9

Which are top ten textile companies with the highest market capitalization as on April 30, 2019?

Answer 9

Top ten textile companies with the highest market capitalization as on April 30, 2019 are as under:
Company (Type)
1. Nishat Mills Limited (Textile Composite)
2. Feroze1888 Mills Limited (Textile Composite)
3. Interloop Limited (Textile Composite)
4. Sapphire Textile Mills Limited (Textile Composite)
5. Gul Ahmed Textile Mills Limited (Textile Composite)
6. Ibrahim Fibres Limited (Synthetic and Rayon)
7. Sapphire Fibres Limited (Textile Composite)
8. Dawood Lawrencepur Limited (Textile Composite)
9. Gatron (Industries) Limited (Synthetic and Rayon)
10. Kohinoor Textile Mills Limited (Textile Composite)

Question 10

Which financing schemes are introduced by SBP?

Answer 10

To facilitate export oriented sectors, State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) introduced certain financing schemes at low markup rates. Such schemes include Export Refinancing Scheme (ERF) and Long Term Finance Facility (LTFF) for meeting exporter’s short term and long term financing needs respectively. Textile sector, being the leading export sector of Pakistan, is beneficiary of such schemes as well as tax exemptions in certain instances.

Question 11

Why growth in textile industry has been dull and stagnant?

Answer 11

In recent years, growth in textile industry has been dull and stagnant due to multiple factors:
• Textile products are available at lower prices in other countries because of subsidies and other benefits and therefore Pakistan’s products have become less competitive.
• In Pakistan, tariffs on imported textile materials are applied to provide protection to domestic industry which has resulted in inefficiencies in the local manufacturing process.
• Stagnant domestic cotton production, due to climate changes, farmers interest in more profitable crops, or lack of using new technology and modern methods of harvesting.
• Limited number of value added products.
• Low usage of man-made fibers.
• Failure to benefit from cost efficiencies through cluster development and growth.
• Absence of modern management practices.
• Lack of skilled labor.

Question 12

Which primary raw materials are used in textile industry?

Answer 12

Primary raw materials used in textile industry are cotton, polyester and viscose.

Question 13

What is cotton?

Answer 13

Cotton is a natural fiber grown as industrial product in Pakistan within which Punjab and Sindh are the major cotton growing provinces.

Question 14

How polyester and viscose are produced?

Answer 14

These two raw materials are man-made fibers which are both locally produced and imported.

Question 15

What is cotton ginning?

Answer 15

Local cotton from fields reaches textile spinners through cotton ginners. Cotton ginning is a process in which cotton fibers are separated from the seeds and wastes such as leaves. The raw material for cotton ginners is seed cotton (phutti) and its finished product is cotton bale.

Question 16

Where are cotton ginners located?

Answer 16

Cotton ginners, represented by Pakistan Cotton Ginners Association (PCGA), are located in cotton growing areas of Punjab and Sindh. Most of the cotton ginners are not registered as corporate entities and operate sale channels with the help of cotton brokers.

Question 17

Which factors effect the demand and supply dynamics of cotton ginners?

Answer 17

Demand and supply dynamics of cotton ginners is affected by various factors including weather conditions, import duties on imported cotton, exchange rates and general economic conditions of the country.

Question 18

Explain crop pricing and high quality cotton.

Answer 18

Textile spinners and textile composites seek services of brokers to source cotton from cotton ginners. The agro economics largely derives the local crop pricing, however, for high quality cotton, textile industry is dependent on import channels.

Question 19

From where cotton is imported?

Answer 19

Cotton is being imported from around the world majorly from USA and India while other import regions include Middle East, Europe and Asia as well.

Question 20

Which Pakistani districts are considered for cotton growing?

Answer 20

Punjab and Sindh are considered as major cotton growing districts.

Question 21

Write major polyester manufacturers in Pakistan.

Answer 21

Ibrahim Fibres and ICI Polyester are major polyester manufacturers in Pakistan.

Question 22

Which countries are importers of polyester?

Answer 22

The polyester is also being imported, majorly from China and Korea and some other Asian countries.

Question 23

Which countries are importers of viscose?

Answer 23

Viscose is being sourced through import channels. Major import countries for viscose include China, Indonesia and Korea.

Question 24

What is Spinning?

Answer 24

Spinning is the process in which raw materials including cotton and polyester are converted into yarn (thread) in a climate controlled facility.

Question 25

Explain planning for spinning process.

Answer 25

For planning purposes on subunit levels, a ‘spin plan’ is prepared for planning the yarn types to be produced as well as for backward planning of input requirement for each subsection of spinning process.

Question 26

How input is determined in spinning process?

Answer 26

Input is determined backward from auto cone to mixing process keeping in view the waste percentage in each process.

Question 27

How capacity of spinning unit is dominated?

Answer 27

The capacity of spinning unit is dominated in ‘number of spindles’ in ring section,a front end sub unit in spinning process.

Question 28

What is weaving

Answer 28

In weaving, yarn thread from the spinning department is weaved to form greige (unfinished woven or knitted) fabric. Weaving is a process in which longitudinal threads i.e. threads along the length of fabric (warp) and lateral threads i.e. threads along the width of fabric (weft) are interlaced to manufacture fabric.

Question 29

How the quantity and type of fabric is determined?

Answer 29

The quantity and type of fabric is determined by several factors i.e. yarn quality, number of warp per inch (ends), number of wefts per inch (picks), fabric width and weaving pattern.

Question 30

Write patterns of weaving.

Answer 30

There are different patterns of weaving such as plain weave, satin weave and twill.

Question 31

What is loom plan or weave plan?

Answer 31

Loom plan or weave plan is prepared for production planning which generally, includes allocation of looms to production of desired type of weaved fabric, loom speed, target production and tentative completion date.

Question 32

What is the capacity of weaving unit?

Answer 32

The capacity of weaving unit is determined by number and type of looms and is dominated in square meter equivalent to 50 picks.

Question 33

Define warping.

Answer 33

It is the process of making a sheet of yarn threads in the form of warping beam.

Question 34

What is the process of warping?

Answer 34

The yarn cones are installed on creels in warping section which are warp in the form of sheet of longitudinal yarn threads.

Question 35

What are forms of warping?

Answer 35

There are different forms of warping such as direct/ beam warping, sectional/ pattern warping and ball warping.

Question 36

What is sizing?

Answer 36

In this process, the number of ends required for a given fabric quality are taken from multiple warping beams to the weaving beam. Moreover, sizing chemicals are applied on yarn thread to cover the yarn surface to withstand friction in weaving process.

Question 37

What is drawing?

Answer 37

It is a process of preparing weaver’s beam for the purpose of weaving fabric on the loom according to design of the fabric.

Question 38

Define weaving and explain process of weaving.

Answer 38

It is a process of making fabric by interlacement of warp and weft on looms. The warps are installed in looms in the form of weaving beams and yarn cones are installed to take form of weft. The weft from yarn cones are weaved in threads from weaving beam to manufacture fabric of desired quality.

Question 39

Write name of types of looms.

Answer 39

There are different types of looms available varying in weaving speed and production efficiencies such as shuttle loom, air jet, shuttle less looms and power looms. Moreover, the maximum width of fabric also varies with looms. Additionally, a jacquard head is used to make special weave fabrics.

Question 40

Explain folding process.

Answer 40

Weaved cloth from loom shed is brought into folding section for inspection, mending, grading and packing of fabric.

Question 41

Explain inspection.

Answer 41

Inspection of fabric is generally done on basis of 4 point system (American system). Maximum 4 penalty points can be given to one fault. If points per 100 sq. yards are less than 20, fabric will be graded as ‘A-Grade Fabric’, however, the criteria is generally agreed with customers for quality of fabric. After inspection, packing is done in form of bales, rolls or thans as per the requirement.

Question 42

What is processing.

Answer 42

In processing, greige fabric is converted into processed fabric i.e. fabric is bleached, dyed and/ or printed.

Question 43

Write name of processing operations.

Answer 43

As per the desired quality of processed fabric, fabric route is determined for applying different processing operations which are listed below:
1. Singeing
2. De-sizing
3. Scouring
4. Bleaching
5. Dyeing
6. Printing
7. Finishing
8. Folding

Question 44

What is singeing?

Answer 44

Singeing is designed to burn off the surface fibers the fabric to invoke smoothness in it. The fabric passes over brushes to raise the fibers, then passes over a plate heated by gas flames.

Question 45

What is de-sizing?

Answer 45

De-sizing is the process of removal of sizing material on fabric (greige fabric is sized as part of weaving).

Question 46

What is scouring?

Answer 46

Scouring is a chemical washing process carried out on fabric to remove natural wax and non-fibrous impurities from the fabric including soiling and dirt. At this stage even the most naturally white fabric is in yellowish tone.

Question 47

What is bleaching?

Answer 47

Bleaching improves whiteness of fabric by removing natural coloration and impurities from the fabric through a washing process.
The degree of necessary bleaching is determined by the required whiteness and absorbency of fabric.

Question 48

What is dyeing?

Answer 48

Dyeing is the process of adding color to the beached fabric as per requirement.

Question 49

What is printing ?

Answer 49

Printing is the process of applying color designs and patterns to the fabric.
There are different kinds of printing such as digital printing and printing through engraving screens.

Question 50

What is finishing?

Answer 50

In finishing, different processes are applied to improve the look, performance, shrinkage, or ‘hand’ (feel) of the fabric. Such finishing process include raising, calendaring and sanforizing.

Question 51

What is folding?

Answer 51

It is consistent with the one in weaving, however, processing faults are also inspected during this process.

Question 52

What is garment manufacturing?

Answer 52

Garment manufacturing is labor intensive section of textile industry.

Question 53

What are categories of garment manufacturing section?

Answer 53

Garment manufacturing section is further divided into three major categories:
Woven, knitted and home textiles.

Question 54

What is manufacturing?

Answer 54

In manufacturing, fabric is cut and stitched as per requirement and design of desired product.

Question 55

Explain design and cutting phase.

Answer 55

Design and cutting phase of stitching operation varies with complexity of the product involved. Hence, for garment designing and cutting, automated CAD, automated fabric spreading and automated cutting methods are applied; whereas for home textiles, manual operations are applied from designing to cutting of fabric.

Question 56

How stitching production lines and stitching operations are designed?

Answer 56

Stitching production lines and stitching operations are designed keeping in view the product being stitched. Therefore, different models are applied in stitching operations such as stitching of complete unit by one person to specific stitching task by specialized workers.