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Britain essay plans- industrialisation > INDUSTRIALISATION ESSAY PLANS > Flashcards

INDUSTRIALISATION ESSAY PLANS Flashcards

1
Q

What % of workers were under 20 and what % of the miners were under 19 by 1842

A

49% under 20

33% under 19

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2
Q

How many child miners died in their 1st year??

A

3/20

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3
Q

How could workers be fined and for what reason??

A

Being late could cost you 2 hours worth of wages whilst talking could cost you 1/5th of a days wage

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4
Q

When was the mining act and what did it do??

A

mining act 1842- children under 10 couldn’t work in mines, raised to under 12 in 1850

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5
Q

what fraction of people in Birmingham lived in back to back houses and how deep were they??

A

2/3 of workers, 3 bricks deep

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6
Q

What role did Lord Ashley play in working reform??

A
  • Tried to introduce factory bills in 1838,39,49
  • led investigation in 1840 about the success and failures of the 1833 act
  • encouraged fielden to achieve the 10 hour day, which was achieved in 1847
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7
Q

Why was the sanitation of houses so poor and what happened in Sunderland in 1831 as a result??

A

Cesspits of sewage and waste built up outside houses. 32,000 people died from an outbreak of cholera in 1831

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8
Q

What role did Michael sadler play in worker reform??

A
  • October 1831 started campaigning for improve agricultural working conditions, 1832 started working towards the 10 hour day. gained £40,000 from John wood; owner of the UKs biggest spinning company.
  • introduced legislation proposing the reduction in working hours for u18s, and published a report in 1833 which shocked the public due to the graphic accounts of child labour.
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9
Q

When was the second factory act and what did it introduce??

A

1844 factory act-

  • Dangerous equipment fenced off
  • 12 hour working day for children between 13-18 and women
  • more inspectors introduced to enforce health and safety
  • machines couldnt be cleaned whilst in use
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10
Q

What role did Peel play in the reform acts??

A
  • Headed more paternal tory government from 1841 and introduced 1844 act
  • recognised importance of uplifting society in general, best achieved through Better working conditions
  • link between economic growth and worker motivation
  • sympathetic govt leader leads to positive reform
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11
Q

When were the swing riots and what did rioters demand??

A

1830-31
started in Kent but spread across 16 counties, agricultural workers demanding -wage increases
-more employment
-reduced rent

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12
Q

the introduction of what prompted the swing riots and how many people were arrested and executed??

A

The threshing machine that did the job of 15 men

-1976 arrested, 19 killed

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13
Q

Where did short term committees exist and how many signatures did two notorious cities amass??

A
  • in industrialised cities where there were no 10 hour movement representatives
  • Bradford and Leeds got 4000 and 10,000 respectively
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14
Q

How did short term committees campaign and who did they appeal to??

A
  • Held meetings and public discussions regarding the 10 hour movement
  • appealed to trade unions
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15
Q

Who led the 10 hour movement and what did they do??

A

Richard Oestler and George Bull

  • campaigned through meetings, peaceful protests, pamphlets and letters to MPs to discuss the hardships of workers lives
  • appealed to both Ashley and Sadler and influenced their own campaigns
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16
Q

When did the 10 hour movement begin and who did they learn from??

A

sustained through 1830s and learnt from the failures of the swing riots (more peaceful)

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17
Q

What are the 3 main laissez faire policies/ legislation created by the government??

A
  • 1799 combination acts, banned trade unions so made it easier for businesses to lower costs and increase production as unions didn’t have the power to oppose this
  • 1823 master and servants act- made it illegal for someone not to carry out a contracted piece of work (punishable by death) more reliable work force and improved productivity
  • repeal of statute of artificers in 1813 and repeal of corn laws in 1846 meant businesses could hire labour for whatever price they wanted and sell their goods for whatever price they wanted. More freedom allowed more production
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18
Q

How much did the middle class grow between 1816-1834

A

75%

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19
Q

How much was Richard Arkwright worth when he died and what did he do for his success??

A

£500,000 in 1792

Successful business of a water powered yarn spinner, reinvested his profits to buy a mill in Derby

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20
Q

When was the Manchester to Liverpool line built and how many miles of railway were there by 1850

A

Built in 1830

6000 miles of track by 1850

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21
Q

What cities had a rail line built between them as a result of government legislation??

A

Stockton to darlington railway line in the north

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22
Q

Why were more canals and railways good for industrialisation??

A

The movement of labour and raw materials was faster, aiding the new middle class businessmen in producing goods and sending them elsewhere

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23
Q

How many banks were there outside of London in 1784 and 1808??

A

1794- 119

1808- over 800

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24
Q

What new money improve the swiftness and ease of transactions between business and banks??

A

paper money

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25
Q

who created the ‘spinning mule’ and in what year??

A

Samuel Crompton in 1779

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26
Q

What did the Banking co partnership act do and when was it??

A

1826- deregulate banking, allowing the creation of more and bigger JSBs

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27
Q

What did the 1833 factory act do??

A
  • register for all child workers
  • children under 9 couldn’t be employed
  • children 9-11 given 2 hours of education each day
  • no night work for anyone under 18
  • 4 factory inspectors and fines implemented for factories that failed to enforce these aspects
28
Q

What did the 1847 act do and how was this improved in 1867

A

Gave the 10 hour day to women and children . in 1867 this was made compulsory to all factories employing over 50 people

29
Q

What was the first JSB and when was it created??

A

October 1826 (after banking co partnership act) and was the Lancashire banking company

30
Q

what act in 1833 improved the economy further by allowing easier transactions for banks and businesses??

A

Allowed JS London banks to issue cheques

31
Q

How many JSBs were there by 1856 and with how many branches??

A

154 JSBs with over 850 branches

32
Q

What fraction of workers were employed in factories by 1870??

A

2/3

33
Q

How many days and Hours did men work each week??

A

6 days a week, 14 hours a day

34
Q

When was the public health act and why did it fail??

A

1848- organised a central board to oversee local health organisations but failed due to lack of support and funding, ideas were ignored

35
Q

How many copies did Chadwicks report sell and what did it look at??

A

Over 100,000, living conditions and health of towns

36
Q

When was the sanitary act and what did it do??

A

1866- fines were implemented for councils that ignored the checks, mandatory quarantine for infectious diseases, more widely enforced and better at improving living and working conditions

37
Q

What was the name of Chadwicks organisation and when was the report released??

A

Health of towns association in 1842

38
Q

what were county banks given permission to do in 1797 and how did it help industrialisation??

A

Given permission to issue bank notes, made it easier for employers to pay workers

39
Q

What happened to a young girl in 1857 as a result of factory work??

A

Martha Appleton from Wigan severed her hand on a spinning machine

40
Q

what were piecener??

A

children who were small enough to fit between machines and fix them whilst they were moving

41
Q

Why was factory work unsafe??

A

66% of the work force worked in the factories by 1870, they were overcrowded and dingy, with long hours so they were dangerous and unproductive

42
Q

Which two cities had over 50,000 people in 1750 and how had this changed by 1851?

A

London and Edinburgh

-by 1851 29 cities had 50,000 people and 9 cities had 100,000

43
Q

How many children failed to reach their 5th birthday in 1830 in Manchester?

A

half

44
Q

How did the population of urban areas increase each decade between 1800 and 1850?

A

average of 27%

45
Q

What did chadwicks report find out about streets in Manchester?

A

687 streets inspected

  • 248 unpaved
  • 252 had stagnant pools
  • 112 were ill-ventilated
46
Q

When did the Luddites break out and where?

A

1811 In Nottingham

47
Q

Why did Luddism break out?

A

The effect of industrialisation saw the introduction of steam powered looms which put these workers out of business; they were skilled workers worried about losing their industry

48
Q

How did luddites protest?

A

-writing threatening letters and break into factories to destroy machines

49
Q

How many machines were broke by February 1812 worth how much?

A

1000 frames worth between £6000-£10000

50
Q

What was introduced due to Luddism?

A

Frame breaking act in 1812 made breaking frames punishable by death

51
Q

What did luddites do in April 1812?

A

2 luddites killed by soldiers whilst trying to attack a factory, prompted further anger and luddites tried to kill mill owner, they were executed in 1813 and this effectively put an end to Luddism

52
Q

How were luddites similar to swing riots?

A
  • they were skilled workers trying to protect their industry from machines that had come about due to industrialisation
  • they resorted to violence to make their point, included frame breaking and burnings
  • they were agricultural labourers who benefited least from IR
53
Q

How were luddites different to swing riots

A
  • Swing riots were more widespread and spread across counties
  • the swing riots prompted better/ more organised movements like the 10 hour movement
  • swing riots gained some level of government sympathy ie from Lord Ashley, whilst luddites had legislation imposed against them
54
Q

What limited the success of the 1833 factory act?

A
  • whilst 4 full time inspectors were introduced, they applied fines too leniently
  • 4 inspectors for 4000 mills across the country
55
Q

What was the name of chadwicks report and when was it introduced?

A

1842- The sanitary condition of the labouring population of GB

56
Q

What did the public health act try and introduce?

A
  • central board of health to oversee local health organisation
  • make sure adequate care was provided ie better water and better sewage
57
Q

What was the Burial act and when was it introduced?

A

1852-57

-started off in London, had to maintain the conditions and volumes of cemeteries to stop disease from spreading

58
Q

How was work carried out before the transition to factory work?

A

journeyman, apprentice and master

59
Q

Why was the transition to factories bad for workers (led to union growth)

A

-it increased the gap between employers and employees, so employees power was reduced relative to the employers who began to exploit workers and had no communication with them

60
Q

How did the factory environment increase unions?

A

provided a suitable place for workers to voice their concerns to each other and collaborate into groups to oppose the system

61
Q

What elements of working conditions led to increased unionism?

A
  • danger for workers due to 6 day weeks and 14/16 hour days, cramped floor space and dirty/dark
  • low wages of 12-15s in some places
  • 3/20 children died in their first year mining
  • children fixed moving machines
62
Q

What 5 government policies led to unionism growth??

A
  • combination acts 1799
  • corn laws 1816
  • repeal of statute of artificers 1813
  • repeal of combination acts 1824
  • 1797 unlawful oaths act
63
Q

what examples of growing concern for protection of workers were there and therefore unionism growth

A
  • grand national showed extent of importance of worker protection by end of period
  • wigan weavers 1799
  • London printers society
64
Q

How did the napoleonic wars help unionism growth?

A

raised the price of living and blockaded ports 1806-1812 reducing European exports and making imported grain more expensive

65
Q

What socio-economic problems did the French wars cause?

A

400,,000 troops unemployed after returning from war

7000 ironworkers in Shropshire unemployed after war

66
Q

How did the government make life even more expensive for lower class to pay for the French wars?

A

indirect taxes on sugar and tea, regressive and paid for the war, indirect tax revenue increased £50mn from 1816-1830

Britain essay plans- industrialisation (6 decks)

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