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History 1 > Industrialisation and Protest > Flashcards

Industrialisation and Protest Flashcards

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1
Q

What reasons are given for the growth of industrialisation?

A
  • banking
  • the middle class
  • laissez-faire policies
  • increase in geographical diversity
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2
Q

What is the timetable of the development in banking?

A

1694 - BofE established
1708 - Act including a clause that denied the right of note issue with banks more than 6 members (kept banking localised by preventing the creation of larger joint stock banks)
1774 - counties set up their own banking systems usually under businessmen control following the recoinage of guineas
1784 - 119 banks
1797 - county banks allowed to issue notes, giving employers effective way to pay wages from a central fund
1808 - 800 banks (gave business access to funds, easier transaction as more accessible)
1825 - depression which followed the wars caused many banks to fail
1826 - Act that allowed BofE to open branches in major provincial cities (allowing better distribution) and repeal of the Bubble Act 1720 allowing banks with over 6 partners to issue notes - encouraging the formation of joint stock companies e.g. Lancashire Banking Company (1st JS bank, set up this year)
1833 - Act permitted joint stock banks in London to issue cheques - increased speed of commercial transactions
1866 - 154 joint stock banks with 850 branches

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3
Q

How did banking/commercial policy cause a growth in industrialisation?

A

1774 - counties set up their own banking systems usually under businessmen control following the recoinage of guineas
1797 - county banks allowed to issue notes, giving employers effective way to pay wages from a central fund
1826 - Act that allowed BofE to open branches in major provincial cities (allowing better distribution) and repeal of the Bubble Act 1720 allowing banks with over 6 partners to issue notes - encouraging the formation of joint stock companies e.g. Lancashire Banking Company (1st JS bank, set up this year)
1833 - Act permitted joint stock banks in London to issue cheques - increased speed of commercial transactions

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4
Q

How much did the number of banks grow by between 1784-1808?

A

119-800

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5
Q

How many banks were there in 1866?

A

1866 - 154 joint stock banks with 850 branches

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6
Q

What happened to industry initially following the growth of international trade in Britain at the start of the period?

A

industry moved to areas with good transport links e.g. the Manchester-Liverpool railway was finished in 1830 giving Lancashire cotton mills access to ports, the area became very wealthy with imports of cotton from the USA and exports around the world

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7
Q

When was the steam engine introduced in Britain and what did this mean?

A

1769 - meant industry no longer needed to locate near rivers (as a power source) - however increased dependence on coal, causing industry to move to areas plentiful in raw materials e.g. the Midlands became known as the Black Country

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8
Q

What is an example of a lasting association from industrial growth in the 1800s?

A

Sheffield steel

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9
Q

How much did population in cities increase by from 1750-1851?

A

1750 - 2 cities with 50,000

1851 - 29 cities with 100,000

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10
Q

How many workers were there in 1851?

A

9.7 million - only 6% worked in textile factories (shows decline of this industry)

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11
Q

How much did Manchester’s carpenters wages increase by and when?

A

1765-95 increased from 64-88% that of London

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12
Q

How much did Manchester’s population grow by in the 1820s?

A

44%

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13
Q

How many children died in their first year of life as a result of population growth?

A

3/20

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14
Q

How many children survived to their fifth birthday in Sheffield and Manchester?

A

1/2 of children in the 1830s

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15
Q

How much of the population lived in towns in 1800 compared to 1880?

A

1800 - 25%

1880 - 80%

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16
Q

How much did national capital investment in industry, trade and transport increase by in 100 years?

A

5%-26% 1760-1860

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17
Q

How many miles of canals were there by the 1820s?

A

4,000 miles

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18
Q

By how much did average income increase from 1750-80?

A

£12 income pp - £24 average family

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19
Q

Who was Richard Arkwright?

A

middle class inventor of the water frame, worth £500,000 on death in 1792

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20
Q

Who was Richard Crawshay?

A

middle class owner of Cyfartha ironworks employing 5,000 and a wealth of £200,000 by 1830

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21
Q

Who were the emerging middle class?

A

men who took advantage of new opportunities and pioneered development of large scale industry - self made men who earned their wealth from the trades e.g. factory owners and merchants

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22
Q

How much did the industrial middle class grow by?

A

75% between 1816-1831

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23
Q

What Laissez-Faire policies encouraged the growth of industrialisation

A
  • 1799-1800 Combination Acts (made unions illegal following an organised union of weavers against declining wages in Lancashire - showa gov commitment to promote unhampered development of industry on the side of employers)
  • 1813 repeal of the Statutes of Artificers which had provided regulation for wages/working conditions since 1563
  • 1846 repeal of the 1815 Corn Laws reduced the amount of protectionism the gov offered markers

(- gov regulated businesses after they were established and settled to promote LT stability - suggests gov intervention was needed in the LT to sustain growth)

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24
Q

How did employers ensure a consistent workforce that tied them down?

A

built rows of cheap back-to-back housing to create a workforce tied to them by an obligation to pay rent

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25
Q

How wide was the average back-to-back house?

A

4m wide

26
Q

How deep were the foundations of back-to-back housing?

A

3 bricks deep

27
Q

Why was there a smoky atmosphere in back-to-back housing?

A

reliance on candles and oil lamps, contributed to respiratory problems

28
Q

Why were back houses poorer quality?

A

had to be accessed by a courtyard - a communal area for washing and toilets, because of this back houses rent was almost half that of the front houses

29
Q

How many workers in Birmingham lived in back-to-back houses?

A

2/3

30
Q

In what ways were living conditions poor as industrialisation increased?

A

in terms of

  • housing
  • sanitation
  • lack of communal space
31
Q

In what ways was sanitation bad in industrial living areas?

A
  • drainage systems unable to cope with the amount of waste (from increased urban population)
  • communal privies emptied into cesspits that would often leak and contaminate water supplies
  • frequent outbreaks of influenza and cholera
  • improvements were only made in affluent areas which reinforced the class divide
32
Q

When and where was the first major cholera outbreak and how many died?

A

Sunderland in 1831 - killed 32,000 in a year

33
Q

How was there a lack of communal space during industrialisation?

A
  • urban growth was based on practicality of keeping workers near factories
  • resulted in densely packed terraced housing in inner cities, middle classes moved to outskirts and built larger houses - caused resentment and class consciousness
  • some attempts to improve living conditions e.g. Saltire, West Yorkshire
34
Q

Where were there attempts to improve living conditions?

A

Saltire, West Yorkshire

35
Q

How did Chadwick improve public health?

A
  • provided reports on public health e.g. The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain in 1842 - stating the cause/spread of disease was due to poor standards of living among the working class
  • Peel’s government failed to act initially as they viewed this as town corporation responsibility
  • however Chadwick still influenced reform until 1870 - e.g. led to the passage of the general Act 1848
  • however many had already started improvements on their own initiatives e.g. Manchester has already started to build sewers and regulated housing with its Police Act 1844
36
Q

How many copies of Chadwick’s report were sold?

A

100,000 copies

37
Q

What did the Health of Towns Association of 1844 do?

A
  • supported Chadwick in pressuring the government into passing a Public Health Act
  • including influential members e.g. future prime minister Benjamin Disraeli
  • based on the Anti-Corn League - a single issue movement which lobbied government for change and shared info across the country to influence Parliament via voters
38
Q

What reforms affecting living conditions were introduced between 1848-70 and what year were these?

A
  • The Public Health Act 1848
  • The Burial Acts 1852-57
  • The Sanitary Act 1866
39
Q

What was the Public Health Act 1848?

A
  • public pressure and typhus outbreak in 1848 led to Britain’s first public health bill
  • creation of the Central Board of Health to oversee Boards responsible for health/sanitation provisions
  • however the act was not compulsory unless mortality rates were 23 in 1000
  • only impacted the working class in the short term as had no money to compel corporations to adopt recommendations and they could only establish with consent from inhabitants of the town
  • created an attitude of benevolence toward the poor in the long term
40
Q

What were the Burial Acts 1852-57?

A
  • creation of public cemeteries in London overseen by the Burial Board (in control of confinement of bodies and maintenance
  • provisions extended across the country in 1854-57
  • signifies an ongoing commitment by Parliament in promoting health standards/reducing frequency of disease
41
Q

What was the Sanitary Act 1866?

A
  • made sanitation inspections compulsory for corporations and required them to maintain records of these inspections
  • made disregard for quarantine of contagious diseases punishable
  • significant as demanded the enforcement of sanitary practices, corporations now required to perform and couldn’t overlook responsibilities
42
Q

What did the Luddites do?

A
  • group of weavers and textile workers who objected to increased use of automated looms and knitting frames - feared unskilled workers would take their livelihoods - creating a great social movement among workers addressing injustices
  • began breaking into factories, destroying property, sending threatening letters etc
  • Nottingham 1811 was first major instance of machine breaking
43
Q

How did the Government respond to the Luddites?

A
  • at the Nottingham Assizes trial in 1812, 7 Luddites were sentenced to transportation for life
  • machine-breaking became a crime punishable by death in 1812 and 17 men were executed the following year
  • in 1812 Luddites were shot dead during an attack on a mill
  • attack on Heathcote and Boden’s Mill involved the smashing of 53 frames at a cost of £6,000, 6 men were executed
44
Q

What were the Swing Riots?

A
  • in 1830 after a period of high tax, low wages and war, farm labourers in the South and East of England began rioting, demanding a minimum wage, end to rural unemployment/seasonal unemployment, rent reductions and the end of the threshing machine which ruined their winter employment
  • began smashing threshing machines and threatening those who had one
45
Q

How did the Government respond to the Swing Riots?

A
  • Government’s Special Commissions were unsympathetic to the movement
  • 9 men hanged, 500 transported
  • some e.g. Cobbett insisted the riots had roots in oppression
  • the Poor Law stopped people asking for relief, resulting in hatred - 1824-30 rural crime rates rose by 30%
  • 1833 Poor Law Commissioners produced a report on agricultural disturbances resulting in 2000 trials of rioters of which 252 were sentenced to death
46
Q

What was the Peterloo massacre?

A
  • workers had been protesting in terms of better working conditions, reformed voting system, repeal of the corn laws etc
  • 60,000 gathered at St. Peter’s Field led by Henry Hunt in 1918
  • 500 injured and 11 killed, Hunt was trialled and imprisoned
  • 1819 Six Acts were passed to control future agitators
47
Q

What did the Chartists do?

A
  • movement for Parliamentary reform among the working class, demanding for universal male suffrage, secret ballot voting, equal size constituencies etc
  • led by William Lovett
  • presented bills to Parliament in 1831, 1839, 1842 and 1848 - all were rejected
48
Q

How did the Government respond to the Chartists?

A
  • bills of 1831, 1839, 1842 and 1848 were all were rejected - despite 1842 bill having 3 million signatures
  • however the movement brought the issue forward, ultimately leading to the passage of the 1867 and 1884 reforms - in which 5/6 Chartist demands were met
49
Q

What did the 10 Hour Movement do?

A
  • wanted to reduce the long working days (which averaged between 12-14 hours)
  • in 1830, workers in “short-time” committees collaborated with trade unions to position and cold conventional mass meetings
  • Richard Oastler (leader) wrote a letter on the wrongs of the factory system - stirring political interest
50
Q

How did the Government respond to the ten hour movement?

A
  • the movement appealed to many e.g. Lord Ashley became the main parliamentary force of the cause
  • Whig government took up the cause of reform in 1833 leading to the passage of the 1833 Factory Act, paving the way for the 10 hour day achieved in 1847
51
Q

What was the support for factory reform between 1833-70?

A
  • organisations e.g. 10 hour movement protested against poor conditions
  • support from social reformers and humanitarian mill owners
  • support of Whigs and Tories (feared that unbridled development may result in decline of economic practices and protected arguments) e.g. MP Michael Sadler
  • more paternalistic gov by 1833
  • linked to economic growth e.g. children in poor conditions may be unable to work later
  • seen as humanitarian thing to do e.g. Lord Ashley
52
Q

What was the opposition for factory reform between 1833-70?

A
  • free trade argument (that the most effective means of economic development was to allow markets to set their own value)
  • middle class argued that factories should be left in order to be competitive
  • Whig economist Nassau Senior said profit was only made in the last hour of a working day
  • difficult to enforce changes of 1802, 1819 and 1831
53
Q

What reform Acts were passed between 1833-70 including Peel’s reforms? (5)

A 
- 1833 Factory Act
(Peel’s Reforms:)
- 1842 Mines Act
- 1844 Factory Act
- 1847 Factory Act
- 1860-67 Factories Act Extension Acts
54
Q

What did the Factory Act 1833 do?

A
  • no children under 9 to work
  • children aged 9-12 to work max. 9 hours, 13-18 to work 12 hours max
  • children aged 9-11 to receive 2 hours schooling per day
  • no night work for under 18s
  • factory owners to keep a register of children
  • enforced a 1 1/2 hour break for meals
  • factories obliged to whitewash their premises every year
  • 4 full time inspectors appointed to enforce the Act
55
Q

What was the impact of the 1833 Factory Act?

A
  • fines for those who broke the rules
  • fewer mill owners were breaking the law by the end of the 1830s
  • fines often too lenient as magistrates were often factory owners themselves
  • only covered textile mills
  • only 4 inspectors covered 4,000 textile mills
  • shows the government to recognise the negative effects of industrialisation and that reform was needed - opened up the possibility of further reform
56
Q

What did Lord Ashley do?

A
  • unsuccessfully tried to introduce factory bills in 1838, 39 and 40 which included a 10 hour clause
  • chaired a committee looking into the 1833 Factory Act, producing a report that endorsed government intervention and suggested further reform
57
Q

What did the 1842 Mines Act do?

A
  • banned the underground employment of women and children under 10
  • this encouraged reformers as the interventionist principle was extended to another area of the economy beyond the textile industry
58
Q

What did the 1847 Factory Act do?

A
  • introduced the 10 hour working day for all women and children
  • this was often applied to men too since factories couldn’t reduce with their large women and children populations
  • however many factories maintained a 12 hour day by using lunch breaks and shifts to keep workers in the factories as there was no law about when the hours had to be worked
  • this wasn’t resolved until 1853 when working hours for children were restricted 6am-6pm
59
Q

What did the Factories Act Extension Acts of 1860-67 do?

A
  • extensions of the 1847 Act to include other industries e.g. lacework and potteries
  • the Factories Act was extended in 1867 to include all factories employing over 50 workers
60
Q

How much of the working population was under 20 by 1821?

A

49%

History 1 (5 decks)

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