Industrialisation And Protest

Question 1

What were the 8 causes of industrialisation

Expansion of cottage industry

Answer 1

Technology 
Banks 
Individuals
Agriculture 
Population 
Raw materials 
Transport 
Geography

Question 2

How did technology cause industrialisation

Answer 2

• James Watts steam engine 1775 helped harnessing of water power, used in factories
• Richard Arkwright water engine in 1768 could spin 128 threads at a time
• James Hargreaves spinning Jenny in 1770 made weaving quicker as it wasn’t done by hand, plus Edmund Cartwright power loom in 1784 increased speed
• train for public in 1826

Question 3

How did banking cause industrialisation

Answer 3

• bank of England formed in 1694
• 1708 act forbade any other banks to have more than 6 partners, caused growth of small banks which loaned to smaller people
• 350 private banks by 1799
• gave finance to small business to build on their ideas
• 1797 banks could issue notes, easy to pay workers
• 1826 caps were removed allowing borrowing of more money, larger factories

Question 4

How did individuals contribute to industrialisation

Answer 4

• James Watts steam engine for water power, only could be used in large spaces so factories had to exist
• Richard Arkwright water frame in 1768 could spin 128 threads at a time -Edmund Cartwrights 1784 power loom speed things up

Question 5

How did agriculture cause industrialisation

Answer 5

• agricultural revolution in 18th century
• threshing machine led to more grain efficiently, machinery made things quicker and didn’t waste materials.
• more food was being produced, prices decreased
• by 1801 there were 18 million and by 1850 there were 27 million
• more workers and they were fitter due to decrease in food prices

Question 6

How did population contribute to industrialisation

Answer 6

• by 1801 there were 18 million and by 1850 there were 27 million
• more workers and they were fitter due to decrease in food prices
• provided unskilled labourers for industries and factories
• they could be paid low wages as there wasn’t loads of options for work with unskilled

Question 7

How did raw materials contribute to industrialisation

Answer 7

• Britain had vast coal across the north
• coal was used to power the industrial revolution
• coal was 3x more powerful then wood and lighter
• could be transported by sea or land

Question 8

How did transport cause industrialisation

Answer 8

• good transport was essential in developing the industry to trade goods (trade used to be done at a small scale like local farmer markets but could now travel all over the country)
• canals improved transport and was quicker as was lighter for horses
• trade networks were built up through the slave trade and allowed textile industry to grow
  -public train 1826 movement of workers from rural to city
  -1830 Manchester railway was built and could transport materials further in land to Liverpool to be traded globally

Question 9

How did geography help industrialisation

Answer 9

• good river links
• ports up north like Liverpool led to transport and trade overseas and nationally
• Britain’s climate is ideal for agriculture and Cotten growing in Lancashire
• good minerals (coal)

Question 10

How did industrial Revolution affect social classes

Answer 10

-upper class got richer
-new middle class were the entrepreneurs (owners of mill, factories, mines, railways ect) and liver very comfortable. Grew in size 1816-1831 by 75% to 214,000
-poorer got poorer due to capitalism and grew in size

Question 11

How did the industrial Revolution cause a diversity of economic regions

Answer 11

-early IR: areas grew economically if they were located by the sea or rivers as it allowed transport to take place and could be power by steam engines and water frames (Lancashire by Liverpool for cotton industry)
-later on areas in the midlands/north of England and Scotland grew economically as they had a large access to coal which later powered machines and factories.
Overall:
-south were used for agriculture
-north/west England became heart of textile industry
-Scotland was for mining and factories
-north east was mining industry
-midlands was engineering traditionally

Question 12

What caused the growth in industrial towns

Answer 12

-roads: toll roads
-canals: 100+ built 1760-1820
-railways: Liverpool to Manchester 1830
-population rise
-land brought up in countryside
-better agriculture so food was cheaper increasing pop

Question 13

Growth of industrial towns/cities.

Answer 13

-2 cities with 50,000+ population in 1750 with 0 cities of population over 100,000
-29 cities within population of 50,000+ in 1851, 9 cities with populations of 100,000+
-1700: 68 towns
-1800:188
-970,000 lived in rural areas in 1700
-272,000 lived in rural areas in 1800

Question 14

How many factories in 1840 in Lancaster

Answer 14

973 cotton factories but on 3% employees more then 100

Question 15

Governments attitudes to industrial growth

Answer 15

Early year:
-focus on laissez fair ideals
-restrictions on workers rights: combinations act 1799/1825 (not allowed to create trade unions)
Later years:
-many factory acts to improve workers conditions: 1819/33/44/47/50/56/67/78
-improved workers rights trade union act 1871

Question 16

What are the impacts of industrialisation in social structure

Answer 16

-the factory owners became middle class
-women set money back to families as they were more employable due to costing less
-family’s grew as more children brought in more money working in factories
-working classes wages decreased with awful conditions
-middle class gained the most, richer, well educated and good healthcare

Question 17

Bullet point 2. The conditions

Question 18

Working conditions in mines

Answer 18

-mines were incredibly dangerous
-the Davy safety lamp made life safer but only marginally.
Dangers included;
•floods
•explosions
•mine safe collapsing
-1850-1914 90,000 miners died on the job
-the demand for coal increased. Coal production rose from 6m-55m
-mines got deeper 90m - 300m 1700-1850
-miners didn’t have regular work and so were often unemployed for mass amounts of time

Question 19

Working conditions in factories

Answer 19

factories were a result of a capitalist mindset and tries to maximise profits and minimise costs and so they cut working conditions
-tightly packed
-long hours 14hr days with rest on Sunday
- no legislations before 1833 factory reform act and so employers could exploit as much as they wanted
-fines for small offences; lateness, wastage, talking ect.
-high injury rate. No regulation meant safety measures weren’t required often due to overworking and tiredness
-many accidents happened especially for children as they were made to go under machinery resulting in deaths

Question 20

What was Female labour like

Answer 20

-they were employed in everything due to being cheaper
-long hours
-unsecured jobs
-they worked in spinning and weaving
-they were exposed to harsh conditions, dust and dangerous machinery
-in coal mines women were harriers Pulling heavy coal carts through narrow tunnels. Deformation of women and many worked pregnant
-breakdown of traditional family’s as women worked away from their homes
-women were able to earn wages for the first time

Question 21

What was child labour like

Answer 21

-children were employed in factories, mines and mills in large numbers
-long hours, dangerous and gruelling conditions
-textile mills children were employed as peices to keep threads running smoothing
-mines children were employees as hurriers
-child labour was attractive to employers because children could be payed less the adults and tehir small size made them useful for performing tasks adults couldn’t do
-no Education
-harmful to health and well being
-the government passed a series of laws to regulate child labour during the IR:
•factory act 1802 limiting the working day for children to 12hr
-‘Ten-Hour Movement’ aiming to reduce the working day for children under 16 in 1831. Children under 9 couldn’t work, age 9-18 couldn’t work over 12 hours

Question 22

What were living conditions like in urban areas

Answer 22

-cramped poor housing
-factory owners built mass amounts of cheap back to back houses with 1 layer brick thick
-3 families would live in one house
-poor sanitation
-poor ventilation
-houses had shared cesspit for a while Street
-bodies were sometimes stored in houses as there was no where else to put them
-dark

Question 23

What was sanitation and disease like

Answer 23

-there was a lack of water wells and pumps and drainage systems
-cesspits didn’t have solid bottoms and so would go into water sources
-mass spread of diseases like cholera especially in London and Tewkesbury. 1831 32,000 died.
-12 people were employed to clean 70,000 toilets
-town cooperations held responsible for towns sanitation, water and public health but no body enforced clean sanitation and so the towns never did anything
-Chadwicks report “the sanitary conditions of the labouring population of Great Britain” 1842 found the cause of disease was poor sanitation and brought the issue to the attention of the laissez faire government
-1848 public health act. The Act established a Central Board of Health to oversee cleanliness of city
-1853 first Seeger systems were put into place in London and 3 million was spent. However this was not out in throughout Britain

Question 24

What was the problems with the 1848 health act

Answer 24

-had limited powers and no money.
-no reinforcement of the act so the councils didn’t follow it
-but it did bring to notice to the government of the health and sanitation of the nation

Question 25

Bullet point 3. The protests

Question 26

What were the luddites

Answer 26

-Luddite movement began in Nottingham 1811-1819 led by Ned Ludd
-protesting against machinery in factories in cotton industry
-burnt 2 mills down and destroyed equipment. This was repeated across the country
-wrote threatening letters to factory owners
-1812 1000 frames were destroyed in Nottingham costing 10,000 GDP
-machine breaking was illegal since 1721
-new frame breaking act 1812 made it punishable by death.

Question 27

What were the spa field riots

Answer 27

-1816
-riots in Islington
-Thomas Spencer’s
-1st peaceful protest, 10,000 protested
-2nd peaceful protest led by Henry hunt 20,000 attended
-James Watson carried out a violent act and robbed a gun shop during this and was executed
-in response the government Introduced the gagging act 1817 (no meetings of people over 50 meeting)

Question 28

What was the blanketers 1817

Answer 28

-Lancashire weavers
-5000
-marched with blankets over their backs
-st Peter’s field Manchester
-peaceful protest, protesting over poor work conditions and poor pay of 5 shilling a week
-separated into groups of 10 to avoid getting arrested
-the Calvary broke this up and arrested 27 and were later released due to fear of Revolution

Question 29

What were the pentrich rising

Answer 29

-end of Napoleonic war 1815 and the corn laws of 1815. There was mass unemployed which increased taxes and poor harvests in 1816 caused starvation
-300,000 soldiers return home to no work
-led by Jeremiah brandeth
-300 people armed with pikes and guns and killed a servant
-many didn’t know what they were marching for as they were promised food if they turned up
-a government spy stopped the March and the ring leaders were hung for treason. 23 were transported

Question 30

What were the swing riots

Answer 30

-1830
-opposing the machines in agriculture industry
-movemnet started with threshing of machinery in south
-2000 awaited trial
-19 were executed and 500 transported
-1830 agricultural wages decreased from 9 shillings to 6 shillings a week

Question 31

Who were the tolpuddle martyrs

Answer 31

-1834
-6 men grouped together to help their families
-They were arrested for protesting against wages by giving letters to wealthy farmers signed of by Captain Swing
-all 6 were transported to Australia for 7 years
-800,000 signatures for them to be sent back home. This was allowed by lord John Russel and they were pardoned in 1836

Question 32

What were the Rebecca riots

Answer 32

-1839-43
-protests by farmers over unfair taxation which happened in wales
-dress up as women whilst abusing toll gates due to them charging high prices for farmers to sell their goods at market
-protesting against the rents, poor rates and turnpike tolls after the poor harvest in 1836
-drew a lot of attention to themselves

Question 33

What was the peterloo massacre

Answer 33

-1818
-Manchester, Peterloo field
-protesting after wide unemployment after Napoleonic war leaving 400,000 soldiers unemployed
-60,000 attended
-the Calvary were sent in killing 15 and injuring 400 which outraged the public
-the government supported the massacre

Question 34

What led to the outbreak of the protests in the early 19th century: corn laws

Answer 34

-during Napoleonic war wheat prices were high but many land owners were worried Britain woudk be flooded with cheap wheat. They used their influence in parliament to get the corn laws passed which meant wheat prices were exceptionally high

Question 35

What led to the outbreak of the protests in the early 19th century: agriculture

Answer 35

-the wheat prices were falling by 1820 due to overproduction which led for a loss of jobs in rural areas.
-The game laws 1815 stopped poaching for the poor causing more starvation.
-agriculture was being run by machinery

Question 36

What led to the outbreak of the protests in the early 19th century: urbanisation

Answer 36

-Britain was transformed from an agricultural country to an industrial one
-growth in towns quickly with poor living conditions
-Manchester population doubled from 135,000 in 1821 to 235,000 in 1841
-new towns and cities attracted people and mass amounts of people were going through the same thing
-communication was easier and on a big scale. Large scale more power

Question 37

What led to the outbreak of the protests in the early 19th century: industrialisation

Answer 37

-mass amounts of people in factories meant they were all going through the same things, communication was easier
-machinery was taking over peoples jobs
-harsh conditions due to industrialisation
-after the Napoleonic war 400,000 soldiers didn’t have work to return to as land was brought up by the rich and so couldn’t make their own food. Jobs were taken up by women and children. Men were unemployed

Question 38

What led to the outbreak of the protests in the early 19th century: textile industry

Answer 38

-the process of weaving and spinning was factory based. Once Arkwright water frame 1768 and the Hargreaves’s spinning Jenny less employees were need as machines could do it more effectively and quicker with less mistakes. More unemployment
-1820 there were 14,000 power looms and 240,000 power looms by 1850 led to the decrease of employees resulting in 250,000 weavers loosing their jobs in 1825
-pay went down from 23 shillings a week to 6 shillings a week

Question 39

What led to the outbreak of the protests in the early 19th century: population

Answer 39

-population increase with lack of jobs due to machinery
-harder to feed
-caused growth in cities and problems within that
-poor still had very little power and rights
-11m in 1815 to 15m in 1836
-large supply of labour made wages go down
-400,000 unemployed soldiers after Napoleonic war

Question 40

Reforms

Question 41

Factors causing social reforms: government

Answer 41

-building regulations introduced in 1830
-looked into the causes of cholera
-set up inspections to homes
-public health acts
-1853: cellars are not allowed to be lived in
Why wasn’t there social reform:
-Adam smith (wealth is created through productive labor). Many of gov listened to hun and so refused to give social reforms.

Question 42

Factors causing social reforms: technology

Answer 42

-back to back houses were just for profit and efficiently
-water was collected from wells and pumps
-drainage put into newer homes
-1844 back to backs made illegal
-Britain became wealthier
-bucket toilets were used instead of privies

Question 43

Factors causing social reforms: science

Answer 43

-Hilton plotted cases of where cholera was occurring
-thought cholera was caused by bad air from back to back housing led to them being banned

Question 44

Factors causing social reforms: Eductaion

Answer 44

-thought the poor caused their own diseases
-diseases were caused by bad air
-diseases were reported in newspapers
-education compulsory for 5-10yr 1870

Question 45

Factors causing social reforms: individuals

Answer 45

-Henry Golton write a book on cholera and found a link between conditions and cholera
-1842 Chadwick showed the life expectancy was 17 in poor unsanitary areas
-John lane was the first medical officer in Manchester but also showed the rest of the country how Britain should be

Question 46

Why did the government improve working conditions? What individuals

Answer 46

-Lord Shaftesbury: Tried to improve children’s lives and in 1833 proposed a 10-hour day for children and was hugely influential as an MP.
-Michael Sadler: He was interested in improving children’s lives and put pressure on the government to improve conditions. He was part of the 10-hour party. This made the government improve conditions
-Robert Owen: He published magazines and speeches about improving working conditions. He wanted to change the social structure of Britain and introduced socialism and pushed for the 1819 factory act. These were available to all so were influential. He ran a textile mill in New Lanark and wanted to improve social conditions. He educated children and didn’t let them work if they were under 10. The mill was visited by the tsar at the time.
-William Cobbet: Published his ideas in a cheap newspaper and wanted political equality. The paper was good as many could afford them. However, political equality was a lot to ask for at this time. He also exposed corruption in high places which put pressure on places to improve.
-Pressure groups: The ten-hour movement was a humanitarian campaign in Yorkshire. It was motivated by religion and focussed on improving working conditions. They preached a non-violent approach and in 1833 a new factory act was passed. This was successful as it allowed people to join together so was more effective.

Question 47

Government response to protest:

Answer 47

• 1794: Political leaders could be arrested without trial.
• 1795: Treason act made the death penalty as punishment
• 1799-1800: Trade unions are made illegal.
• 1815: Game laws made it punishable by death to hunt rabbits
• 1816: Income tax abolished and the government introduce higher taxes on things bought by the working class.
• 1817: Suspension of Habeas Corpus so people could be arrested without trial. There’s a ban of large meetings.
• 1819: Six acts (Speedy trials, increased penalties, stamp duty on magazines, limited public meetings, not allowed to train to use firearms, magistrates given increased power to search properties)
• Trials, executions, imprisonment and transportation became more common.
• Large scale use of spies
• The government introduced education acts and prohibited the use of women and children which bought massive change.
• 1833: Factory act greatly improved conditions.

Question 48

Factory Reform in the 19th Century: chimney sweeps

Answer 48

• 1760’s: Jonas Hanway was a wealthy London merchant who campaigned to improve working conditions for chimney sweeps.
• 1788: An act made the minimum age of sweeps 8 but this was not properly enforced.
• 1834: Chimney sweeps act passed which outlawed any child under 10 being an apprentice and no one under 14 could clean chimneys.
• 1840: A revised chimney sweeps act raised the minimum apprentice age to 16 but it was ignored as there was no enforcement and children younger than ten were still up the chimneys.
• 1863: The water babies novel published by Charles Kingsley which raised awareness of poor conditions of chimney sweeps.
• 1864: A new chimney sweepers regulation act
• 1875: Chimney sweepers act which required sweeps to have a licence, and police enforced previous legislation.

Question 49

Factory Reform in the 19th Century: mills

Answer 49

• 1802: Health and morals of apprentice’s act passed as a first piece of factory legislation. Robert Peel was a factory owner and MP and wanted to make sure humane standards were set for work.
• 1819: Cotton Mills act which forbade the employment of under 9’s and children up to the age of 16 were limited to 12 hours of work a day and couldn’t work at night but it wasn’t enforced
• 1847: 10-hour bill which limited labour hours to 63 hours a week and then to 58 a week by 1848. This equated to 10 hours work a day due to stopping on a Saturday afternoon.

Question 50

Factory Reform in the 19th Century: coal mines

Answer 50

• 1842: Report by the royal commission the employment of women and children in mines angered the public as mine owners showed little care for workers. Children under 8 were employed.
• 1842: Mines and Collieries bill prohibited underground work for those under 10.
• 1850: Coal mines inspection act allowed inspectors to visit mines and had power from the home office.
• 1860: Coal mines regulation act improved safety rules and raised the age limit from 10 to 12.
• 1872: The coal mines regulation act made pit managers have certification for training. Miners could also appoint inspectors from their own ranks.
• 1881: Mines regulation act empowered the home sectary to investigate incidents. Mining did need more intervention and regulation though.

Question 51

Factory Reform in the 19th Century: factories

Answer 51

• 1833: Factory act banned the employment of under 9’s. 48 hours of work for 9-13-year olds and a limit of 8 hours a day. For children 13-18 it was a 12-hour day. Under 13’s got 2 hours of education a day and a 4-man inspectorate were set up which enforced laws. It wasn’t hugely effective as there were 4 men to 4000 mills.
• 1844: Factories act which was the first health and safety act in Britain. Dangerous machinery had to be fenced off and failure to do so was a criminal offence. No child could clean a machine while it was working. Children only had to work 6 and a half hours with 3 hours of education. 12-hour days for 13-18-year olds and women.
• 1867: Factory acts applied all previous legislation by law. This made it better applied but was still hard to enforce.
• 1878,1891,1895: Placed more regulations on the employment of women and children.

Question 52

Who was opposing reforms

Answer 52

• Laissez faire: The government and industrialists believed it was wrong to interfere in the free market economy
• Economists: They argued increased costs would ruin the industry.
• Adam Smith: He argued children had always been employed in the domestic system and that child working conditions were exaggerated.
• Titus Salt: He argued that it was better for a child to work in a factory then freeze and starve to death
• Some argued people only spent their extra time drunk and committing crime.
• Discipline was needed as workers were not used to the needs of the factory and had to be trained.

Question 53

Improving living conditions in Britain: the health of towns association act

Answer 53

• It was established in 1844 and applied pressure to the administration to introduce a public health act. It was composed of affluent members like Disraeli and was based on the anti-corn law league.

Question 54

Improving living conditions in Britain: public health act 1848

Answer 54

• The Central Board of health was introduced to oversee local improvements. They were responsible for ensuring clean flowing water, adequate drainage and sewerage and the cleaning of the streets.
• It didn’t do much initially as they had no money and local bodies didn’t have to listen to them. Many towns thought this was excessive control from the government.
• In the long term this helped though as it laid a path for future legislation and the improvement of public health. It also created sympathy for the poorer so the country benefitted in that way. The public health did also improve slightly.

Question 55

Improving living conditions in Britain: the burial act 1852-57

Answer 55

• The growing population led to less space for people to be buried which was a problem particularly in urban areas. Shallow graves of 0.5-1m were a solution to this but this caused problems with disease.
• 1852: The first burial act was passed and the creation of public cemeteries began which was overseen by a burial board.
• 1854/57: Further acts were passed which extended the provision across the country. These led to a decrease in the spread of disease.

Question 56

Improving living conditions in Britain: the sanitary act 1866

Answer 56

• This marked a growing determination from the government to improve health. It made sanitation inspections compulsory for local corporations and accurate records had to be made. The disregard of the quarantine of disease was also made punishable. They increased living conditions.

Question 57

Improving living conditions in Britain: public health act 1875

Answer 57

• Was the same as the previous one but measures were made compulsory.