Industrial Revolution Part 2 Flashcards
Josiah Wedgwood
An English potter, entrepreneur and abolitionist, he developed improved pottery bodies by systematic experimentation, and was key in developing the assembly line method of production.
Cast iron
A type of iron with a high carbon content, leaving it with high compressive strength but low tensile strength, meaning it is brittle.
The Bessemer process
The first inexpensive industrial process that allowed for the mass production of steel by forcing air into molten cast iron to remove its impurities
Manchester
This became the second most important city in Britain during the Industrial Revolution because of the explosion of textile manufacture there, especially that of cotton.
Slum
highly populated urban residential area consisting of densely packed housing units of weak build quality and often associated with povert
Urbanisation
The large scale movement of people from countryside to cities.
Deforestation
The widespread clearance of stands of trees in woodlands and forests. This occurred in Britain in the leadup to the Industrial Revolution as a consequence of the high demand for charcoal production.
Coal
A sedimentary rock, black in colour and a highly combustible and dense form of fuel. It was used extensively in the Industrial Revolution as a substitute for charcoal.
Coke
A purified form of coal attained by removing impurities after heating coal in a low-oxygen environment, much like in the creation of charcoal from wool
Charcoal
A form of carbon produced by strongly heating wood in minimal oxygen to remove all water and other impurities
Smog
Fog or haze intensified by smoke or other atmospheric pollutants. This was especially prevalent in cities like London during the Industrial Revolution because of the widespread use of coal in households for heating and cooking
Workhouse
A public building in which the poor of a parish received lodging in return for work.
Mining
The process or industry of obtaining coal or other minerals from deep in the earth.
Steam engine
An engine that uses the expansion of steam to generate power used in the propulsion of arms or wheels
Thomas Newcomen
An English inventor who created the atmospheric engine, the first practical fuel-burning engine in 1712, in order to serve as a pump for removing water from a coal mine.
James Watt
Scottish inventor who improved on Thomas Newcomen’s 1712 steam engine with his own steam engine in 1776. The improvement removed the need to condense the steam through cooling after heating. Instead, the engine could remain hot, vastly improving its efficiency.
Robert Trevithick
A British inventor and mining engineer who invented the first railway steam locomotive.
Class consciousness
The trend by which people belonging to the same social class, like the working class, develop a greater sense of their common interests and pursue them through political activity
