Industrial Revolution Flashcards
What were some reasons and outcomes for the revolution?
- New farming technology: many farmers wanted new work. 2. British landowners and business ppl in middle class had influence on gov’t cuz of Glorious Revolution: cuz they were so significant, they got permission from parliament to pass laws which helped business grow. 3. Religious groups like Puritans got barred by Test Act from ppl in gov’t, church and army, which were official power positions in Britain: to make up for lack of power, Puritans focused attention on business and industry. Got wealthy and invested in new businesses, which is capital which is needed for industrialization. When Britain colonized India, tons of treasure was stolen and shipped back to India= more capital to support industrialization. 4. Great Britain got early start w/technological advances over other countries: British gov’t encouraged numerous scientific advances and technological inventions that were made during that time. 5. Britain had lots of raw material like coal, which made a cheap source of power for new machines necessary for industry: Britain had lots of colonies and British companies could import raw materials from these colonies and sell finished products back to them.
Describe life before the agricultural revolution
Britain needed more food, farms still run on medieval strip system, and old farming system was used. This meant lots of manual labour, going back and forth from farm to resources, no border from livestock and crops, animals could trample and eat them. Empty fields which cost production were there, difficult to take advantage of new techniques, no proper drainage, ppl have to walk over your strips to reach theirs, only produced enough to feed u and ur family, very little extra. Town grows, ppl need more feeding so more food’s needed.
Describe the agricultural revolution
Enclosure, new machinery, marling, selective breeding was used. Crop rotation, seed drill, marling, new ploughs and hoes got publicity.
What are enclosures?
Enclosed land, and open fields were divided. Everyone who proved they owned some land got a share. They divided open land into small fields and put hedges and fences around them. Everyone had their own fields and could use how they wished. Common and open land would also be enclosed and divided. If u could prove that u owned land, u had to pay for fences or hedges and commissioners to come map land and pay for Act of Parliament.
What were issues with enclosure?
Some ppl wanted to enclose land and some didn’t. If they didn’t, hard luck! If owners of 4/5 of land said so, they could enforce Act of Parliament. There was increase in the acts in 18th century, from 30/year to 60/year and from 1801-1810 there were 906, and 3 million hectares were enclosed.
What happened to those who couldn’t afford enclosures?
Ppl w/no written proof of ownership lost land altogether. Some couldn’t pay for fences and had to sell land, and they became labourers on others’ land or headed to towns for jobs.
Who were Robert Bakewell and Culley brothers?
Focused on selective breeding. This meant that only best cattle, sheeps, pigs, and horses could mate. This was successful because in 1720, average cattle weighed 168 kg, and in 1795, it was 363 kg.
What other changes were made in agricultural revolution?
Books written on farming, model farms set up, George III set up a model at Windsor.
Who was Arthur Young?
Founder of Board of Agriculture who was secretary that went around the country recording progress of revolution and others could read his report to find out more.
Why were agriculture shows w/competitions held?
To exchange ideas
What were some negative effects of agricultural revolution?
New machines: less ppl to work land so unemployment. Enclosures: ppl lost land and homes as they had nowhere to grow food and little work- so they moved towns.
What happened during the economic revolution?
England’s government at this time was pro business, middle class was largest group. New government policy called laissez-faire (which is basically do whatever u want) was introduced. Business and industry was as free as possible from gov’t interference/regulation. New changes in technologies was included with changes in gov’t.
Who was economic revolution bad for?
Workers and environment
Who was the economic revolution good for?
Business owners
What was textile industry like?
It was a huge industry. It included cloth and cloth products, sheep for wool (they were kept in enclosures). New industries related to textiles increased production, and eventually there was so much production that factories were set up for industry.
Who supplied cotton?
British colonies
What are entrepreneurs?
Ppl who run business, taking risk in order to earn profit
What is a franchise
The right to vote
What’s laissez-faire?
A policy that businesses and industry would be as free as possible from gov’t regulation. Theory was that competition and self-interest would provide greatest good for greatest # of ppl.
What are Tories?
Party conducted of rich landowners
What are whigs?
Party conducted of middle—class business ppl. They caused gov’t to follow laissez-faire
What’s synthetic
Made by ppl
What’s demand
Desire for particular goods
What’s the flying shuttle
Device that made weaving much faster and allowed large looms to be operated by only 1 person. John Kay invented it
What’s the Spinning Jenny
Device driven by hand-cranked wheel which allowed spinner to spin off # of threads at same time. This meant 1 spinner could now do work of several spinners. James Hargreaves invented it. Invented in 1764
What’s the Water Frame
Way of spinning yarn using rollers. It improved strength of yarn being spun and was faster than Jenny. Richard Arkwright invented it
What’s the Mule
Combined best features of water frame and spinning Jenny. Many other inventions to improve spinning process were invented after this. Samuel Compton invented this
