industrial revolution Flashcards
What was a key factor driving child labor during the Industrial Revolution?
Lack of education and family poverty
Why were children preferred for labor during the Industrial Revolution?
They could fit into small areas and were cheaper
Who was instrumental in advocating for children’s rights during the child labor era?
Robert Owen
What actions did Robert Owen take regarding child labor?
He abolished child labor in his mines
How did trade unions help advocate for children’s rights?
By using influence to push for legislation
What was one of the early government actions against child labor?
The Factory Act of 1802
What did the Factory Act of 1833 prohibit?
Employment of children under 9 years old
What were some key factors driving child labor during the Industrial Revolution?
Poverty and lack of education
How did criminal gangs exploit children during the Industrial Revolution?
By trafficking vulnerable children
Which invention significantly impacted the textile industry before 1750?
Spinning jenny
What was the impact of the spinning jenny on textile production?
Increased yarn production speed and efficiency
What was the primary purpose of trade unions?
To advocate for workers’ employment conditions
What was a result of the Enclosure Acts?
Displacement of many rural communities
How did the Agricultural Revolution contribute to industrialization?
Improved farming techniques led to urbanization
What were the causes and effects of higher crop yields during the Agricultural Revolution?
Fewer workers needed, leading to urban migration
What was a short-term effect of the Industrial Revolution?
People moved from rural areas to cities
What role did technology play in the spread of industrialization?
Made manufacturing faster and cheaper
How did government policies support industrial growth?
Through infrastructure development and subsidies
What was a major obstacle faced by trade unions?
Opposition from the government
What were the Combination Acts of 1799 and 1800?
Made trade unions illegal in Britain
How did employers respond to strikes by trade unions?
Used violence and intimidation
What was a crucial development for the transportation of goods during the Industrial Revolution?
Railroad
How did railroads impact the movement of goods?
Allowed fast and efficient movement over distances
What was the significance of the steam engine?
Enabled mass production and revolutionized transport
How did the Enclosure Acts impact small farmers?
Displaced them and increased productivity
What were some achievements of trade unions?
Factory Act of 1833 and Ten Hours Act
What was the relationship between trade unions and socialism?
Socialists saw unions as a path to power
What role did the seed drill play in the Agricultural Revolution?
Automated planting and increased crop yields
What methods did trade unions use to achieve their goals?
Collective bargaining and organizing strikes
What was a consequence of the Industrial Revolution on living conditions?
Overcrowding and terrible pollution in cities
What was the impact of the internal combustion engine?
Connected people and goods across distances
What were barriers to the spread of industrialization?
Government restrictions and lack of skilled workforce
What were effects of the Enclosure Acts?
Urbanization and increased poverty
What was a long-term effect of the Industrial Revolution?
Technological advancements and improved living standards
How did the introduction of machinery like the spinning jenny impact the textile industry?
increased productivity and reduced costs
What role did trade unions play during the Industrial Revolution?
Advocated for better working conditions and rights
What were key reasons for the spread of the Industrial Revolution from Britain?
Innovations and government support for industrial growth
What were working conditions like in the textile industry before the Industrial Revolution?
Long, tiring, and dangerous
How did social classes change during the Industrial Revolution?
Rise of the middle class and working class expansion
What is the Factory System?
Shift from home-based production
Centralized factories for mass production
Use of machinery for efficiency
What were the main classes before the Industrial Revolution?
Upper class (aristocracy)
Clergy and merchants
Lower class (laborers and peasants)
How did the Industrial Revolution affect the economy?
Capitalism became dominant
Growth of the middle class
Expansion of global trade
What were the key advancements in the textile industry?
Spinning jenny
Water frame
Power loom
What were the impacts of the Agricultural Revolution?
Increased food production
Supported growing population
Contributed to industrialization
What were the social consequences of the Industrial Revolution?
Overcrowding in cities
Pollution from factories
Widening gap between classes
What were the achievements of trade unions?
Factory Act of 1833
Ten Hours Act of 1847
Repeal of Combination Acts
What were the barriers to the spread of industrialization?
Government restrictions
Limited access to resources
Resistance to change
How did the introduction of machinery impact labor?
Reduced need for skilled labor
Increased production efficiency
Shifted work to factories
What was the significance of the steam engine?
Revolutionized transportation
Enabled mass production
Freed industries from water power
What were the first major improvements in transportation during the late 1700s?
Canals
Why were canals built in the late 1700s?
To transport goods more efficiently
What was the first successful canal in Britain?
Bridgewater Canal
When was the Bridgewater Canal completed?
1761
What improvements were made to roads during the Industrial Revolution?
Introduction of macadamized roads
Introduction of macadamized roads
John McAdam
What was the significance of macadamized roads?
They allowed for more reliable transport
What advancements were made in bridges during the late 1700s to early 1800s?
Bridges became stronger and more advanced
What significant development occurred in steam locomotives in the early 1800s?
George Stephenson’s Locomotion No. 1
What was the impact of George Stephenson’s Locomotion No. 1?
It revolutionized land transportation
When was the first successful steam engine on a public railway developed?
1825
What marked the first fully operational intercity railway line?
The opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway
When did the Liverpool and Manchester Railway open?
1830
What began to replace sailing ships in the early 1800s?
Steamships
Who created the first commercially successful steamboat?
Robert Fulton
When was the Clermont launched?
1807
How did steamships improve sea transportation?
By providing faster and more reliable travel
What significant development occurred in the late 1800s?
The internal combustion engine
What vehicle is Karl Benz credited with developing?
The first practical internal combustion engine vehicle
When did Karl Benz develop his vehicle?
1885-1886
What did the development of the internal combustion engine mark?
The beginning of the automotive age
What were the key transportation developments from the late 1700s to the late 1800s?
Canals for efficient goods transport
Improvements in roads and bridges
Development of steam locomotives
Expansion of railway networks
Introduction of steamships
Invention of the internal combustion engine
Where did children work during the Industrial Revolution?
Factories, coal mines, and as chimney sweeps
Why were children employed in factories and mines?
They could perform tasks requiring small hands
What were the working hours for children during the Industrial Revolution?
12-16 hours a day, six days a week
What health issues did children face in mines?
Chronic health issues from dust and gas exposure
Why did families rely on children’s wages?
To survive financially
Why did industrialists prefer to employ children?
They could pay them less than adults
What was the Factory Act of 1833?
It limited working hours for children under 13
What did the Mines Act of 1842 prohibit?
Employment of women and children under 10 in mines
What did the Ten Hours Act of 1847 achieve?
Reduced working hours for women and children to 10 hours
Who were key campaigners for child labor reform?
Lord Ashley and Richard Oastler
What are trade unions?
Organizations formed by workers
Protect interests and improve conditions
Use collective bargaining
Why were trade unions formed?
To negotiate for better wages and conditions
When did trade union formation begin in Britain?
Early 19th century
What were common methods used by trade unions?
Strikes, protests, and negotiations
What barriers did trade unions face?
Opposition from employers and the government
What significant achievement did unions accomplish?
Legalization of unions with the Trade Union Act of 1871
How were unions related to socialism?
Many advocated for collective ownership of production
What safety improvements did trade unions fight for?
Safer working conditions and reduced hours
What was a key advancement in farming before 1750?
Crop rotation and the seed drill
Who promoted the four-field crop rotation system?
Charles Townshend
What was the living condition of most people before 1750?
Simple and mostly rural, living in poverty
What was the dominant textile material before cotton?
Wool
What did the Enclosure Acts allow landowners to do?
Enclose common land into privately owned plots
How was coal used before the Industrial Revolution?
Mostly for domestic heating
Who developed the steam engine?
James Watt
What types of vehicles were powered by steam engines?
Boats, trains, and later automobiles
What was the primary mode of transport established by the 1840s?
Railways
What materials were primarily transported by railways?
Coal, iron ore, cotton, and raw wool
When did the first public railway open in Britain?
1825
What resources did Britain have that supported the Industrial Revolution?
Abundant coal and iron
Why was Britain politically stable during the Industrial Revolution?
It had an effective legal system supporting property rights
How did Britain’s colonial empire contribute to the Industrial Revolution?
Provided raw materials and new markets
What was the impact of the Agricultural Revolution on labor?
Freed up rural labor for factory work
What characterized Britain’s innovation during the Industrial Revolution?
Hotbed of inventors and entrepreneurs
How did the Industrial Revolution spread?
From Britain to Europe and the United States
What were the living conditions in urban areas during the Industrial Revolution?
Overcrowded and unsanitary, leading to diseases
What was the social hierarchy during the Industrial Revolution?
Industrialists and aristocracy at the top, working class at the bottom
What were the working conditions for factory workers?
Long hours in dangerous conditions for low wages
What were the short-term effects of the Industrial Revolution?
Rapid urbanization and city growth
Exploitation of labor, including child labor
Rise in factory production and mass manufacturing
What were the long-term effects of the Industrial Revolution?
Formation of labor unions and workers’ rights
Technological advancements like electricity
Social changes, including the rise of the middle class
Environmental impact from industrial activity
