Industrial Revolution

Question 1

Industrial Revolution

Answer 1

-The shift from farming and trade to industry brought big social and economic changes. In Britain, between the mid-1600s and mid-1800s, people started using machines instead of hand tools. This change was slow and uneven but completely transformed how people lived and worked.

Question 2

A rural way of life (1750)

Answer 2

Most people worked on farms with handmade tools and lived in small cottages lit by firelight and candles. They made their own clothes, grew their own food, and knew little about life outside their village. Their lives were simple and focused on survival.

Question 3

2nd agricultural revolution

Answer 3

the period of agricultural development between the 18th century and the end of the 19th century,which saw massive and rapid increase in agricultural productivity and vast improvements in farm technology

Question 4

crop rotation

Answer 4

helps grow better harvests by keeping the soil healthy. Different crops use different nutrients, so if the same crop is planted every year, the soil loses important nutrients, and the harvest gets smaller. Switching crops helps restore the nutrients, keeping the soil fertile.

Question 5

Lord Charles Townshend (people)

Answer 5

British ambassador “Turnip” Townsend learned about crop rotation in the Netherlands. He brought the idea back to Britain and helped spread it.

Question 6

Jethro Tull (people)

Answer 6

A seed drill plants seeds in neat rows at the right depth instead of scattering them randomly.

Question 7

Enclosures

Answer 7

taking shared land and making it private. In the 1500s, land was used for sheep pastures, and by the 1700s, it became large farms for growing crops.

Question 8

results of enclosures (possible sa)

Answer 8

Farm production and profits increased because of bigger fields and fewer workers. Many farm workers lost their jobs, and small farmers had to leave their land. Villages became smaller as people moved away to find work, leading to a lot of people searching for jobs.

Question 9

population growth

Answer 9

The Agricultural Revolution helped the population in Europe grow quickly. In 1700, Britain had 5 million people, and Europe had 120 million. By 1800, Britain had 9 million people, and Europe had 180 million.

Question 10

Energy revolution (possible sa)

Answer 10

in the 1700s, people started using new energy sources like water power and steam power, along with muscle power from humans and animals. water wheels created rotary motion, which helped machines work

Question 11

Thomas Newcomen (people)

Answer 11

In 1712, a steam engine was invented to pump water out of mines. It worked by creating a vacuum and was powered by coal, but it was big and not very efficient.

Question 12

James watt (people)

Answer 12

In 1746, a Scottish engineer improved Newcomen’s steam engine, making it smaller and more efficient. It used rotary motion and became the main power source for the Industrial Revolution.

Question 13

Abraham Darby (people)

Answer 13

In 1709, coal was used instead of charcoal to melt iron, which helped separate the iron from the ore. This made the iron cheaper and better quality, and it was used to make parts for steam engines.

Question 14

Demand

Answer 14

The amount of a product people are willing and able to buy depends on things like a growing population, more production, more workers, and higher demand.

Question 15

Capital

Answer 15

money used to invest in an enterprise

Question 16

Entrepreneur

Answer 16

someone who manages and takes on the financial risk of starting a new business.

Question 17

Textiles

Answer 17

The Industrial Revolution started in Britain’s textile industry, which was the country’s biggest industry. It focused on making wool and cotton cloth.

Question 18

Putting-out-system

Answer 18

The system, known as piece work, was developed in the 1800s, where tasks were given to individuals to complete at home.

Question 19

cottage industry

Answer 19

Farmers worked in their cottages, often staying up late or working during times they couldn’t be in the fields.

Question 20

John Kay (people)

Answer 20

The flying shuttle was invented to help weavers make cloth twice as wide. It allowed them to work so fast that they soon caught up with the spinners.

Question 21

James Hargreaves (people)

Answer 21

In 1764, the spinning jenny was invented, allowing spinners to spin up to 6 threads at once. This helped spinners keep up with the faster weavers.

Question 22

Richard Arkwright (people)

Answer 22

In 1769, the water frame was invented. It was a spinning machine powered by water, and later, it was powered by steam.

Question 23

Eli Whitney (people)

Answer 23

In 1793, an American invented the cotton gin, a machine that quickly separates cotton fibers from seeds.

Question 24

turnpikes

Answer 24

Entrepreneurs built private roads and charged people to use them. The word “pike” used to mean a spear, but later it also meant these toll roads because of the posts blocking the way until people paid.

Question 25

canals

Answer 25

Man-made waterways, like ditches, were built for transportation. They connected rivers and streams.

Question 26

railroads

Answer 26

were built to move goods around the country

Question 27

Robert Fulton

Answer 27

An American inventor put James Watt’s steam engine on a riverboat. It was the first steamboat, and it went on the Hudson River.

Question 28

effects of industrialization

Answer 28

Cities grew fast. People worked long hours in hard jobs. More things were made and sold cheaper. This created jobs. Cities, railroads, and factories were built. Leaders had to manage the changes. Countries competed for trade. Western countries became stronger.