Industrial Revolution

Question 1

First half of the Industrial Revolution

Answer 1

Health and hygiene
Income
Time
Facilities
Overcrowding
Rights

Question 2

Health/hygiene first half

Answer 2

• poor, pollution led to lack of hygiene
• no energy to play sport

Question 3

Income first half

Answer 3

-lack of
- low wages +poverty
- little spare income

Question 4

Time first half

Answer 4

• lack of time - worked 12hrs 6 days a week(rest on sunday)
• moved from seasonal to machine time
• no time and no energy

Question 5

Facilities first half

Answer 5

• no room for any - eg space for mob football
• no access to private facilities + no personal equipment

Question 6

Overcrowding first half

Answer 6

• lack of space
• no room for mob sports

Question 7

Rights first half

Answer 7

• non existent for workers - eg no sick pay
• intro of police force due to destruction caused by mob games (mob games banned)

Question 8

Second half of revolution

Answer 8

Middle class
Athleticism
Time
Travel
Communication
Health/hygiene
Income
Patronage

Question 9

Middle class second half

Answer 9

• 3 tier system
• men who took adv of new business opportunities
• started to go to public schools
• changed way of playing sport - high moral code, strict rules, leagues
• developed public provisions

Question 10

Athleticism second half

Answer 10

• brought in by middle class

Question 11

Time second half

Answer 11

• factory act and Saturday half day act gave more free time + opportunities for sport to be played and watched

Question 12

Travel second half

Answer 12

• railways - rules and games become nationalised + spread across the country
• cheaper so players and spectators could watch and play

Question 13

Communication second half

Answer 13

• the media (newspaper) - rules and games become nationalised + spread across country

Question 14

Health/hygiene second half

Answer 14

• gradual improvement
• public baths opened + living conditions improved
• more energy to take part

Question 15

Income second half

Answer 15

• increase in wages - more money for leisure pursuits

Question 16

Patronage second half

Answer 16

• factory owners provide broken time payments to allow workers to play football and take part in factory team

Question 17

Urbanisation

Answer 17

Movement from rural areas to towns + cities
- due to increase of factories and mills

Question 18

The middle class

Answer 18

Amateurism - wouldn’t practice to get better, play for the love
Rational recreation- rationalised mob games
Patronage - give time off for workers + broken time payments
Politicians - provisions (public baths), factory act + half day Saturday

Question 19

Middle class pt 2

Answer 19

Unis - melting pot , brought all versions of football together
Public schools - started to attend bringing mob games and the schools rationalised them
The church - Christian, moral, ethical approach to sport, went to church + church allowed use of facilities
Athleticism- public school idea as physical endeavour with moral integrity, cult of athleticism, muscular Christianity (Christian approach to things) physical body gift from god

Question 20

Public schools

Answer 20

House systems—> development of fixtures—>to begin with not between other schools due to lack of transport + different rules

Question 21

Values of amateurs

Answer 21

• manliness
• appreciating value of rule regulated activity
• high moral integrity

Question 22

Characteristics of a gentleman amateur

Answer 22

• a represented member of society (public school background)
• belonging to social elite, having wealth and free time for sport
• playing a range of sport using natural talent
• playing sport to high moral code

Question 23

What was the positive impact of gentleman amateurs

Answer 23

• amateurs held in higher regard than professionals
• code of amateurism (rules set by NGBs)
• the all rounder
• code of ethics

Question 24

Definition of amateur

Answer 24

An individual who views sport as a hobby + had a profession outside of sport. They play sport for fun rather than financial incentive

Question 25

Definition of a professional

Answer 25

An individual who makes a living from sport or who receives financial rewards for their participation

Question 26

Professionalism

Answer 26

- working class men who viewed sport as an opportunity to increase low earnings - viewed sport as a serious enterprise that required intensive training as participated to win - sheff rules allowed football to be played outside of public schools

Question 27

Class tensions

Answer 27

- battle between professionalism and amateurism shaped by north south divide + differences between economy, population and local identity - battle consequence of class conflict and wider social tensions

Question 28

Rise of professionalism

Answer 28

- FA began and was heavily dominated by southern amateur teams + professionalism prohibited - Blackburn beat old etonians causing fa to crack down on professionalism - 40 teams threatened to withdraw so in 1885 fa legalised professionalism - became dominated by professional teams

Question 29

Reasons for rationalisation of sport

Answer 29

- urbanisation - leisure time - disposable income - transport - professionalism - increased organisation

Question 30

Rationalisation of tennis

Answer 30

- lawn tennis (made by middle class for middle class) - major wingfield created - had set rules and sold boxes of equipment - suburbia - houses large gardens - social event - men and women played together (emancipation of women) - private clubs set up by middle class to socialise - Wimbledon was croquet but overtaken by tennis

Question 31

Wenlock Olympics

Answer 31

Introduced to improve working class morals, fitness and educational standards. Founded by William penny brookes