Industrial Revolution

Question 1

What were the first countries after Britain to develop railroads? When?

Answer 1

Belgium (in 1834)
France (in 1842)
Switzerland (in 1847)
and the states that became Germany (in the 1850s).

Question 2

What was the average life expectancy in 1750?

Answer 2

30 years

Question 3

What were the main killer diseases during this time? (list 6)

Answer 3

Pneumonia, bronchitis, diphtheria, tuberculosis, cholera, typhoid and smallpox.

Question 4

Most people engaged in subsistence farming. What does that mean?

Answer 4

Where they grew enough to sustain themselves - their produce was not used for trade.

Question 5

What kind of farming was used before the Revolution? Why were some problems with it?

Answer 5

An open-field system of cultivation was used - but it caused cattle overgrazing, uncontrolled breeding, and spread of animal diseases.

Question 6

Mechanisation allowed more produce to be made due to greater efficiency. What enhanced the efficiency?

Answer 6

Changes in technology (Seed drill - seeds were planted deeper to avoid being washed away), Larger areas of land available (Clearing woodlands and engaging with crop rotation), Selective breeding and seed selection.

Question 7

Where did most workers live during the Industrial Revolution?

Answer 7

Most workers lived closer to factories, in slum areas.

Question 8

What was the life expectancy in the 1860’s?

Answer 8

29 Years

Question 9

Why did the population of cities grow, even though birth rates were low?

Answer 9

The population grew because of the constant migration from the countryside.

Question 10

What is urbanisation?

Answer 10

The increasing number of people living in cities.

Question 11

What were the inexpensive and poorly built row housing, intended for working-class people called?

Answer 11

Sub-standard buildings.

Question 12

Who built the Sub-standard buildings and why?

Answer 12

Factory owners built them to make more profit.

Question 13

What were Sub-standard buildings also called? Why?

Answer 13

Back-to-back terraces - because they were built side-by-side and connected.

Question 14

What were basic things that sub-standard buildings lacked?

Answer 14

Windows, proper ventilation, running water, functioning toilets and sanitation.

Question 15

What did people do with their filth?

Answer 15

They would dump their waste into the street (which made it easier for disease to spread).

Question 16

What are pits?

Answer 16

They were spaces to put filth and waste, and building owners would pay to get rid of the waste in them - but it was emptied into rivers, making them horribly polluted.

Question 17

Who said that the spread of disease was due to the lack of hygiene in the city? (from excerpt on Canvas)

Answer 17

Edwin Chadwick in 1842.

Question 18

When were majority of the factories established?

Answer 18

The 18th and 19th centuries.

Question 19

What was the most used fuel in the Industrial Revolution?

Answer 19

Coal - it was. needed to power the newly developed steam engines.

Question 20

What did the coals pollution cause?

Answer 20

It created a ‘smog’.

Question 21

How long did workers work?

Answer 21

At least 12 hours, for six days a week.

Question 22

What are a few rough conditions at work (list 3)?

Answer 22

They used powerful machines that had no safety features it was easy to lose a finger or a limb. The lighting was bad and factories and mines were filled with dust so it was hard to breathe and it caused diseases.

Question 23

How did cholera spread? What was the cause?

Answer 23

It spread through water, and it was caused by sewage coming into contact with drinking water.

Question 24

Why did smallpox outbreaks keep happening?

Answer 24

Most cities were ignorant of the fact that Edward Jenner had developed a vaccine.

Question 25

What’s the difference between typhoid and typhus?

Answer 25

Typhoid was caused by infected water and typhus was spread by lice.

Question 26

Who did Tuberculosis (TB) affect?

Answer 26

It affected people who were poorly fed, under nourished, people living in dirty and damp homes. But it’s spread by a person breathing in the exhaled sputum of someone who already has the disease.

Question 27

How many people did TB kill between 1800 and 1850?

Answer 27

TB killed one-third of all those who died in Britain in that time period.

Question 28

How did people believe disease was spread?

Answer 28

By bad smells and invisible poisonous clouds (miasmas).

Question 29

What is an example of why their belief of how disease was spread dangerous?

Answer 29

In Croydon, typhoid swept through the town in 1852. The local Board of Health went about looking for a smell that caused the disease but found nothing. In fact, sewage had seeped into the town’s water supplies and contaminated the water.

Question 30

List 9 Reasons Why Industrial Towns Were So Disease-Ridden.

Answer 30

1. Streets were narrow, often built in courts, with little air or sunlight.
2. Houses had no clean running water and families shared standpipes which often ran dry in hot summers.
3. Families shared privies, which could overflow into wells.
4. There was no waste collection.
5. Graveyards were overcrowded,, and bodies weren’t buried deep enough in epidemics.
6. The houses were made with the aim of making money instead of being healthy homes for workers.
7. Houses were damp inside and hard to heat.
8. The working class couldn’t afford fresh food.
9. People rarely washed.

Question 31

Who was ‘father of modern surgery’ and when was he working?

Answer 31

Joseph Lister, a surgeon who worked in the mid 19th century.

Question 32

What were some substances surgeons used to reduce the patients pain?

Answer 32

Gin/whisky, Herbs, Narcotics (eg. Opium), Nitrous Oxide (laughing gas) and chloroform.

Question 33

Why did most patients die?

Answer 33

Infection.

Question 34

Who was “Dr James Barry”?

Answer 34

A respected British Army surgeon who saved lots of lives in the first half of the 19th century. “He” was also the Inspector General of Britain’s military hospitals. But in 1865 (when he died) people realised that Dr. Barry was actually a woman, Margaret Ann Bulkley. She pretended to be a man to get into medical school and become a surgeon.

Question 35

Who first suggested surgeons should “scrub up” and sterilise their equipment?

Answer 35

Dr. Joseph Lister.

Question 36

What did Louis Pasture do?

Answer 36

In the 1850’s, he discovered that micro-organisms were causing decay due to their constant spread. He stated micro-organisms caused many diseases. He used his theory to explain the causes of diseases such as anthrax, cholera and TB. Microbiology would not have existed without him.

Question 36

What medical discovery was made in 1847?

Answer 36

James Simpson discovered chloroform’s ability to render patients unconscious.

Question 37

What did Edward Jenner do?

Answer 37

Used Louis Pasture’s theory to create a vaccine for smallpox by inoculating his patients with cow pox. It was successful and became mandatory in Britain in 1852. This eventually lead to the being Public Health Act passed in 1848.

Question 38

What did Joseph Lister discover?

Answer 38

He found that spraying patient’s wounds with carbolic acid spray would kill microbes which prevented infection and allowed the patient to heal correctly in 1865. His spray was eventually used in public places as a sanitary precaution.

Question 39

What did Wilhelm Röntgen discover?

Answer 39

In 1895 he discovered the use of x-rays in medical imaging.

Question 40

Explain the cottage system (industry).

Answer 40

In the 1600’s, everything was made by hand in small quantities to a specific order. They could do it at their own convenience, and they would get paid based on the quality of the product.

Question 41

Explain the factory system (industry).

Answer 41

In the 1700’s, things were made by machines in factories at a large scale, and people would control the machines. One product was made by multiple workers in an assembly line. Workers were paid on the hours they worked.

Question 42

What’s Capitalism?

Answer 42

Capitalism is an economic system that allows private ownership of property.

Question 43

What’s Socialism?

Answer 43

Socialism is an economic/political belief that all people deserve equal access to resources.

Question 44

What happened in the Cotton Mills and Factories Act (1819)?

Answer 44

Robert Owen, owner of a textiles mill, advocated for a humane living standard for all. He prohibited corporal punishment in his mills. In 1815, he drafted a bill for ‘industrial emancipation’. A simpler version was enacted for the cotton industry in 1918 that stated that:

• Children under 9 can’t be employed.
• Children who were 9–16 years could only work for 12 hours a day.

Question 44

What are unions?

Answer 44

A union is an organised group of workers. Workers would get together in large groups and go on strike. The point of unions is being able to resolve work issues by being a voice for employees. They were started to help people access their rights.

Question 45

What happened in the Factories Act (1833)?

Answer 45

The act improved conditions for children in factories. It stated:
- No one under the age or 9 can work.
- Employers have to have an age certificate for kids.
- 9-13 year olds can’t work more than 9 hours a day.
- 13-18 year olds can’t work more than 12 hours a day
- Children can’t work at night
- 2 hours of school a day for kids
- Factories would have regular inspections

Question 46

What happened in Graham’s Factory Act (1844)?

Answer 46

It stated:
- Certain machines near children are to be “securely fenced.“
- Kids and women can’t clean moving machines.

Question 47

What happened in the Ten Hour Act (1847)?

Answer 47

A new Cabinet had supporters of this act. It limited the work in textile mills for women and people under 18 years to 10 hours.

Question 48

What happened in the Compromise Act (1850)?

Answer 48

The 10 Hour Act in 1847 had reduced the hours per day which women and kids could work, but not the times when they could work. This act stated:
- Women and kids could only work from 6 a.m. - 6 p.m. But in winter (and there’s approval by a factory inspector) times were 7 a.m. - 7 p.m.
- All work ended on Saturday at 2 p.m.

Question 49

What did the Factory and Workshop Act (1878) do?

Answer 49

There were 107 clauses that further improved conditions - and replaced all of the previous Factory Acts (Grahams Factory Act (1844), Factories Act (1833), Cotton Mills and Factories Act (1819)).

Question 50

Why weren’t workers protected at the start of the Industrial Revolution?

Answer 50

There were no government regulations.

Question 51

Why were women paid less than men?

Answer 51

The money that men made was to provide for the family, whereas the money women made was considered as “extra”.

Question 52

How did factory owners get child workers?

Answer 52

They bought children from orphanages and workhouses. They were known as “pauper apprentices” and “scavengers”. This selling of children signing contracts that virtually made them the property of the factory owner. Owners of large textile mills bought lots of children. By the late 1790s about a third of the workers in the cotton industry were pauper apprentices.

Question 53

Why did factory owners want children?

Answer 53

They were small, so they could fit in small spaces in machines and in mines tunnels. They were easier to control, and were paid very little (if paid at all).

Question 54

How long did children work before any Acts were passed?

Answer 54

19 hours with an hour break.

Question 55

How were women punished for being late?

Answer 55

They would lose several hours of pay. Women didn’t get beaten for this cause even though males did.

Question 56

How were children punished?

Answer 56

When they tried to escape from the factories, they were whipped and returned to their master. Some were even shackled. If girls talked to boys, the girls hair would be cut off. Lateness or not working enough’s punishment was being “weighted”. Tying a heavy weight to a worker’s neck. Children were hit with straps to make them work faster, and sometimes even have their head dipped into the cistern if they seemed tired.