Industrial Revolution Flashcards
Where did Industrial Revolution start?
Britain
What are the 5 M’s Britain had?
money, machines,men, materials, and markets
Before industrial revolution
- handmade tools
- lived in RURAL areas
- made their own clothes and grew their own food
- traded goods in nearby towns at outdoor markets
What was life like AFTER industrial revolution?
- people now live in CITIES (urban area)
- people bought clothes and food that someone else produced
- traveling was more common (result of train and steamboat)
- NEW INVENTIONS POURED OUT EVERY YEAR
What led to a population boom?
improvements in farming
What did farmers exchange?
Ideasq
Who invented the Seed Drill?
Jethro Tull
What is the Enclosure Movement?
process of taking over and consolidating land formerly shared by peasant farmers
*farm workers left rural area in search of work and landed in cities where they could find jobs in factories
When population multiplies what happens?
famine’s risk reduces
James Watt
a scottish engineer who set out to make improvements to the first steam engine
Abraham Darby
Used coal instead of charcoal to smelt Iron which resulted in a less expensive and higher quality iron
Why Britain?
natural resources (coal, iron, waterways for trade, less rigid society, large workforce)
Capitalists
Capital - money
Used to invest in enterprises
*took advantage of an opportunity to invest and make money, sometimes at the cost of others
What were the first factories?
textile factories
Putting-out System (Cottage industry)
Cloth was produced in individual homes, production was slow. The first factories developed in this industry.
Richard Arkwright
patents the Water Frame (spinning wheel that can be powered by water)
Urbanization
movement of people to the cities
Turnpikes and canals
makes transporting goods much cheaper
Social Darwinism
survival of the fittest
Upper class
Nobles, old money
Middle Class
capitalists, bourgeoisie, new money
*women did not work, but stayed home and focused on raising their children
Lower class
working class
*women and children were part of the workforce often working in factories or the children in mines
tenements
Multistory buildings where working class families lived packed into tiny rooms
What were factory workers?
Women because employers could pay them less than men
“Factory Acts”
child labor reform laws that reduced the workday of children to 12 hours and kept children under the age of 8 or 9 working in cotton mills
Henry Besseme
- Bessemer Process
–>construction of bridges, railroads, multi-story buildings
Alfred Nobel
- Dynamite
–> used in mining and construction; was also used in war which bothered Nobel. After he died, he left instructions that all profits from his invention be used to award someone who advances the cause of peace…The Nobel Peace Prize.
Michael Faraday
- Dynamo (A machine that generates electricity)
–>Today all electrical generators and transformers operate on his principle
Thomas Edison
- Electric Light Bulb
–> Illuminated entire cities
–>Pace of city life quickened
–>Factories could now operate after dark, production doubles
Eli Whitney
- Interchangeable Parts
–> made it easier to repair machinery as one part could be used in place of another (think: Mr. Potato Head)
Ransom E. Olds
- Assembly Line
–>made items faster and more efficiently. Today, cars are made on assembly lines (Ford was the first one to use this.)
Henry Ford
- Model T
–> first mass-produced automobile which made it more available to the masses, and eventually, more affordable. Ushered in the machine age.
Orville and Wilbur Wright
- Airplane
–> spurs economic growth and creates jobs, connects the world; increases trade; eventually used in war
Samuel Morse
- Morse Code: Telegraph
–>Could send coded messages over wires by electricity
–>Communication became much faster as messages could be sent quickly over large distances
–>The first line was built between Washington D.C. and Baltimore
–>An underwater Transatlantic line was built that allowed the U.S. and Europe to relay messages
Guglielmo Marconi
-Radio
–>easier access to information
Adam Smith
The Wealth of Nations: Laissez Faire (government should not interfere in business) and free market economy, Father of Capitalism (the opposite of Karl Marx.)
Peter Ricardo
Iron Law of Wages: Laissez Faire, opposed raising wages, stressed hard work and limiting family size
Thomas Malthus
Laissez Faire, population control, discouraged vaccines afraid the “population would outlast the food supply”
- only checks on population growth are war, disease, and famine
- families should have fewer children to preserve the food supply
Jeremy Bentham
Utilitarian
John Stuart Mill
Utilitarian… voting rights to women and workers
Robert Owen
Utopian…. established a socialist community in Scotland by building a cotton mill and paying his workers fair wages and better hours, built stores and schools
Karl Marx
Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engles (See chart above) Believed in a “classless society.” Proletariat - “have nots.” He believed that the proletariat (have-nots) would rise up and overthrow the capitalist class and control the means of production.
Socialism
- would end poverty and injustices of industrial capitalism
- people as a whole, not private individuals, should own and operate the means of production
-equality among people would end conflict
Utilitarianism
goal: “the greatest happiness for the greatest number”
1) laws or actions should be judged by their “utility”
2) individual freedom guarantees happiness
Scientific socialism
- based on scientific study of history
1) inevitable struggle between social classes will lead to a classless society
2) a classless society would end struggles for wealth and power
