Industrial Revolution Flashcards
Urbanization
An increase in the percentage and number of people living in urban settlements.
Unions
An association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages.
Strike
An organized work stoppage intended to force an employer to address union demands.
collective bargaining
negotiation of wages and other conditions of employment by an organized body of employees
factory
a large building in which machinery is used to manufacture goods
Socialism
a political theory advocating state ownership of industry
Capitalism
An economic system based on private property and free enterprise.
Upper Class
A social class broadly composed of the more affluent members of society, especially those who have inherited wealth, own businesses, or hold large numbers of stocks.
Middle Class
A social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers.
Working Class
A social class broadly composed of people working in blue-collar, or manual, occupations.
Child Labor
Using children to work in factories and businesses
Steam engine
An engine that uses the expansion or rapid condensation of steam to generate power. James Watt created the first steam engine.
Agricultural Revolution
A time when new inventions such as the seed drill and the steel plow made farming easier and faster. The production of food rose dramatically.
Sadler Report
Report in 1832 when Michael Sadler took parliamentary investigation of previous children workers who worked in mines and factories as children. The report revealed the condition child laborers worked with and the dangers they faced when going to work.
Reform
to change for the better
Artisan labor system
Skilled craftspeople, known as artisans or mechanics, performed the most manufacturing in small towns and larger cities. They were their own bosses, and created their own hours.
Factory labor system
A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building
Textile
A fabric made by weaving, used in making clothing
Industrial Revolution
A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.
Fossil fuels
Coal, oil, natural gas, and other fuels that are ancient remains of plants and animals.
Coal
Fuel source for steam engines
Socioeconomic Class
Classification based on wealth, education, and/or family background.
Government
The governing body of a nation, state, or community.
Economy
A system for producing and distributing goods and services to fulfills people’s wants.
Michael Sadler
Investigated the textile industry which led to the Factory Act of 1833 and new child labor laws
Richard Arkwright
An English inventor and entrepreneur who invented the water frame, a machine that, with minimal human supervision, could spin several threads at once.
Transportation
Movement of goods and people
Canals (significance)
Waterways for transportation
Look at roads
Roads (significance)
Led to the expansion of markets, movement of people, and changed the physical landscape.
Trains (significance)
Railroads became a major industry, stimulating other industries such as iron and steel production.
Look at roads for significance of railroads
Size of cities
Increased immensely due to industrialization
Populations
Increased immensely due to industrialization
How did the living and working conditions change?
Worsened due to overcrowding and growth
What was the significance of social classes?
Creased more distinct divisions
How was Japan impacted?
Japan faced civil war as a result of pressure from the US to industrialize. The government ultimately won, quickly industrializing the country, but citizens were unhappy to have to change their way of living and culture.
How was Egypt impacted?
Muhammad Ali, the ruler, faced pressure from the Ottoman Empire to modernize the country quickly, but soon Egypt fell into great debt to British banks. Great Britain used the debt as leverage to impact decisions made about the economy of Egypt. After Muhammad Ali died, his successors used even more money to give themselves luxurious lives, and Egypt just kept falling into debt, and its economy collapsed.
How was India impacted?
India faced poverty and loss of jobs while having to compete with Great Britain for the textile industry. Britain required India to give it all of its cotton to sell and India fell deeper and deeper into poverty, and is still affected to this day.
Communism
A form of socialism that abolishes private ownership.
Causes of the IR
The emergence of socialism, European imperialism, and The Agricultural Revolution.
What was the first industry to industrialize in England?
Textiles
Why did Great Britain industrialize first?
Success in international trade created Britain’s high wage, cheap energy economy.
What impact did the Industrial Revolution have?
Increased production and efficiency, lower prices, more goods, improved wages, and migration from rural areas to urban areas.
How were different groups of people impacted differently by the Industrial Revolution?
Workers formed labor unions and gained higher wages and better working conditions
What were the arguments in favor and against child labor?
Favor - Children can help their parents and they learn the importance of jobs
Against - Extreme bodily and mental harm
Why are unions important for workers in a capitalist society? Why did owners disapprove of unions?
Unions allow workers to demand better wages and pay, raising the cost of business and thus lowering profits for capitalist firms. Capitalists are thus incentivized to crush and discourage them.
What actually changed the housing conditions and health of the working class for the better?
The facilitating of buildings, of sanity systems, water supplies, and sewerage, were all the main purposes of the 1848 act, but it also established local and central units of government that would take responsibility for health.
How were capitalism, socialism, and communism responses to the Industrial Revolution?
Communism - It proposed a new economic and social vision that it argued would eliminate social inequality.
Socialism - Socialist movements rejected capitalism and blamed it and the Industrial Revolution for horrible working and living conditions.
Capitalism - Wealth increased the standard of living for some people, and the middle class grew
