Industrial Revolution

Question 1

Demographic Take-off

Answer 1

Huge demographic changes contributed to the industrial revolution.
1700-1800 Europe’s population increased by 85-90%

Question 2

The Potato and Maize

Answer 2

Spread of new nutritious foods across Europe meant common people have a better diet.

Question 3

“Improving”

Answer 3

King George III obsessed with farming and “improving” his land. Desire to make what you have, more productive (Adam Smith)

Question 4

Agricultural Improvement

Answer 4

New farming methods helping to increase productivity - fertilizers, crop rotations, land recovery. Farmers begin looking at cash crops.

Question 5

Enclosure

Answer 5

Widespread common lands taken out of private usage and given to private landowners. Forced small independent farmers off the land as they could not support themselves.

Question 6

Result of Enclosure

Answer 6

The elimination of small-scale subsistence farming, replaced by large commercial market farms capable of mass production

Question 7

Capital Accumulation

Answer 7

Commercial farming vastly increased revenue. Increased revenue put back into improving the farm, the rest invested in the first factories.

Question 8

Industrial Revolution Inventors

Answer 8

While many inventors created useless toys for the rich, some began looking at bottlenecks in production of goods and attempted to fix them.

Question 9

Richard Arkwright - The Waterframe

Answer 9

After failed attempt to join the wig-making business, decided to revolutionize the spinning machine. Waterframe used waterpower to much more thread than a traditional spinning wheel and the thread was much stronger.

Question 10

Cromford Mills

Answer 10

The first factory - used waterpower to run Waterframes for spinning. First implementation of the Division of Labor

Question 11

Elements of the Factory

Answer 11

Mass Production: large quantities produced by a single location in short time frame
Power: away from using manpower
Division of Labor: many unskilled workers with narrow jobs

Question 12

The Steam Engine

Answer 12

The most important development of the Industrial revolution

Question 13

First Steam Engine

Answer 13

In use by 1710 by Thomas Newcomen, used to drain mines being flooded with water. Very inefficient

Question 14

Improving the Steam Engine

Answer 14

Developed by James Watt in 1774 with the use of condensers. For the first time in history, people had large concentrations of power that were independent of location. Factories begin emerging everywhere.

Question 15

What Drove the Industrial Revolution?

Answer 15

Mercantilism
Discovery of coal deposits in Britain
Protestant Reformation
Scientific Revolution/Enlightenment

Question 16

Belgium

Answer 16

Followed Britain
First to follow due to discovery of coal deposits and was already densely populated and urbanized. Large available workforce

Question 17

Egypt (Under the Ottoman Empire)

Answer 17

Industrialization failed.
As Egypt was still trying to gain independence from the Ottomans, limited resources available for industrialization. Attempted to build capital by increasing sale of raw goods, but could not compete with Britain.

Question 18

Japan’s Industrial Revolution

Answer 18

Incredibly rapid and successful industrialization. Transformed from an isolated state to a world power, equal to the US and Britain

Question 19

Commodore Perry

Answer 19

British warships arrive in Tokyo Bay. Demanded Japan open up to the world. Brits saw Japan as an entirely new, untapped market.

Question 20

Meiji Restoration

Answer 20

Emperor Meiji takes over in 1867 by abolishing the shogunate and restoring the imperial house to full power. Initiated a period of rapid modernization and economic change, with the goal of maintaining total independence.

Question 21

Modernized Japanese Society

Answer 21

Samurai demilitarized and privileges revoked. Legal restrictions on peasants removed and given freedom of movement

Question 22

Development of Business Culture

Answer 22

Before British arrived, Japanese already had been developing a business-like economy. Sponsoring innovation is already an established ideal

Question 23

Government Contributions

Answer 23

Studied the United States and Britain closely to determine which industries to replicate, and where they had not perfected it.
Taxed peasantry and exported cheap textiles to raise capital for investments.

Question 24

Confucianism - Modernized

Answer 24

Central to Japanese culture, but must be modernized. Included strong emphasis on science and new learning, group loyalty and achievement, which could work to encourage economic change.

Question 25

Work Conditions

Answer 25

Work in factories could be dangerous. No modern Occupational Health and Safety laws. 16 hour days, poor air circulation, dangerous machines, child labor,

Question 26

The Alternative to Factories

Answer 26

Unemployment was NOT something wanted. Welfare did not really exist. Difficult to support yourself if you were not working.

Question 27

Luddites

Answer 27

Resisted industrialization because artisans were losing their jobs. Raided factories and destroyed machines. However, efforts unsuccessful as factories were so profitable they could afford to fix it.

Question 28

The English Factory Act (1833)

Answer 28

As more children were hurt in incidents at factories, British parliament passed law to restrict child labor. Children 9 and under could not work