industrial revolution Flashcards
agricultural revolution
changes in farming & crop rotation people reframed how agriculture happened enclosure of farms/land crop rotation increased yield risk of famine decreased
enclosure
forced people out of work
migration to cities in hopes of finding jobs
when did the first IR happen?
1760-1830
when did the second IR happen?
1860-1920
what new things came about as a result of the IR?
new materials (iron & steel), energy sources; including fuels and motive power (coal, steam engine, electricity), new inventions & machines (spinning jenny, power loom, cotton gin), factory systems; increased division of labor & specialization of function, transportation & communication (steamship, automobile, telegraph, radio)
why did Britain want to keep industry in England?
dominance (military), control, economy
why did the IR begin in Britain?
natural resources (colonies), labor (voluntary & involuntary; enslavement), capital = $$$, entrepreneurship
mass production
production of products in mass quantities using interchangeable parts and assembly lines
how did mass production benefit consumers and sellers, but detriment workers?
benefits for consumers: cheaper to buy, easy to access, more of it
benefits for sellers: cheaper to make, higher profit, more sales
detriments for workers: more work hours and lower pay bc low prices
what were some of the results of the IR?
improved way of life & life expectancy, more materials (for dominance; war), more job opportunities
what were class systems like in the IR?
rich stay rich, poor can’t move up
supply & demand
as demand increases, supply decreases and prices get higher
as supply increases, demand decreases and prices get lower
urbanization
growth of; cities grow & more ppl come to live in city!
corporation
a business owned by many investors
trust
a GROUP of corporations that unite to reduce competition and control prices in a business or industry
monopoly
one company that controls ALL production and sales of a particular product or service
what happened to the cities during the IR?
they got CROWDED
more people; more protesting and push for social change
unfair working conditions as a result make problems more apparent
labor unions/labor organizations/trade unions/worker’s union
organization formed by workers in a particular trade, industry, or company to improve pay, benefits, and/or working conditions thru collective bargaining
what were the working conditions like during the IR?
UNFAIR! >:( working class suffered from low wages, high rent, and wage slavery
what wars influenced the 2nd IR?
civil war (1861-1865) ww1 (1914-1918)
what are some details about the 2nd IR?
development and emphasis on synthetic products, machines, coal, steam, energy, textile industry
how does the 2nd IR compare to the 1st IR?
improved and extended version of the 1st IR
expanded beyond Britain; other economies caught up and surpassed Britain
changes in transportation, electricity, communication, production
what role did energy play in the IR?
new energies like steam made the IR possible! (ex; Watt’s steam-engine)
globalization
businesses/organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale
