Industrial Revalution Flashcards
When did the ‘Industrial Revolution’ begin
1800s century from 1760 to 1840
What was happening in 1914
By 1914 England had become a great trading nation with a worldwide empire, which
covered a fifth of the globe.
How fast was population growing
A 260 per cent growth in population.
What was changing (moving)
A change from agriculture to industry.
A move from domestic industry to factory work.
A move from water and wind power to steam engines.
A revolution in transport and communications, from canals and pack horses, to railways and
the telegraph.
The growth of towns
In 1750, only about 15 per cent of the population lived in towns. By 1900 it
was 85 per cent. By 1900, London had 4.5 million inhabitants, and the biggest other towns were
Glasgow: 760,000 and Liverpool: 685,000. Manchester and Birmingham had more than half a million
people each. Much of the population had moved from the south-east to the industrialised coalfield
areas in the north and the Midlands.
When was it that Britain began to take control of other counties
1750 and 1900
What did Arnold Toynbee
Arnold Toynbee suggested that in the years after 1750 there was both an agricultural and an industrial ‘revolution’
Agriculture
Charles ‘Turnip’ Townshend introduced the Norfolk four-course rotation of wheat‒turnips‒barley‒clover to his farm and Robert Bakewell used selective breeding to develop the New Leicester sheep. Arthur Young promoted new methods to a wider audience.
Charles ‘Turnip’
Townshend introduced the Norfolk four-course rotation of wheat‒turnips‒barley‒clover to his farm
Robert Bakewell
Robert Bakewell used selective breeding to develop the New Leicester sheep.
Arthur Young
Arthur Young promoted new methods to a wider audience.
Farming improved?
Farming became for efficient. They were able to make profit of growing population.
Richard Arkwright’s
Richard Arkwright’s Mill at Cromford heralded ‘the Factory Age’ of the textile industry, production of iron increased 30-fold and production of coal increased 20-fold.
Newcomen and Watt
Newcomen and Watt contributed to the development of steam power to drive machinery more efficiently.
The world’s merchant
Britain was an important trading country before 1750. Its good were sold to Europe, America Africa and Asia.
Power
In 1750 Britain’s energy needs provided for by the use of wind, Water wood and animals. By 1900s most power depended on the use of colour; photos of coal were used in each year for every man woman and child. The development of the steam power has transformed transport and industry.
Thomas Telford
Thomas Telford built roads and canals in the 1700s
George Stephenson and Isambard Kingdom Brunel
George Stephenson and Isambard Kingdom Brunel oversaw the ‘Railway Mania’ of the 1800s.
The growth of towns:
In 1750, only about 15 per cent of the population lived in towns. By 1900 it was 85 per cent.
Who invented the battery in 1800
Alessandro Volta
Who discovered the atom
John Dalton
Who invented the lamp in 1806
Humphry Davy
Who invented photography in 1835
Henry Talbot
Who invented the sewing machine in 1851
Issac Singer
Who patented a machine gun in 1862
Richard Gatling
Who invented dynamite in 1866
Alfred Noble
Who published his work on the laws of genetics in 1866
Gregor Mendel
Who invented Coca-Cola in 1886
John Pemberton
Who developed psychoanalysis in 1900
Sigmund Freud
Who developed the general theory of relativity in 1916
Albert Einstein
Schools before 1800s
Before the 1800s, education was not free and poor children got what education they could in Dame schools or Sunday Schools.
Factory act
making two hours of education a day compulsory for children working in factories.
Ragged Schools Union
give schooling to very poor children.
Forster’s Act
et up state-funded board schools for primary education.
Education Act
In 1880, the Education Act made school attendance compulsory for children up to the age of 10.
1902 Education Act 1902 Education Act
1902 Education Act established a system of secondary schools.
red-brick university
One of the six civic universities founded in the 1900s . They are the Universities of Birmingham, Bristol, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester and Sheffield.
Museums Act of 1845
gave town councils with large boroughs the power to set up museums for the public.
Arnold Toynbee
Arnold Toynbee created the idea that between 1750 and 1830, there was an ‘Agricultural Revolution’.
Jethro Tull
Jethro Tull promoted the use of the seed drill and the use of horses to pull machinery rather than oxen.
Parliamentary Enclosure movement
looked to turn all common land into privately owned fields.
A H John (1961)
thought that growth had been stimulated by the Agricultural Revolution. This had increased the population and therefore domestic demand.
W W Rostow (1960)
W W Rostow (1960) traced the growth of output back to capital investment, which had allowed expansion and innovation.
Musson and Robinson (1969)
credited science and technology. They thought that technological advancement made improvement in industry inevitable.
Abraham Darby
Abraham Darby smelted iron using coke (1709)
Henry Cort’
Henry Cort’s puddling process made wrought iron (1784)
Gilchrist-Thoma
Gilchrist-Thomas process (1879) made steel.
In 1914, the coal industry employed how many people
a million men in 3,000 collieries.
Thomas Newcomen
built the first commercially successful steam engine to pump water out of mines.
Consequences for industry
The rate of economic growth between 1780 and 1830 was much slower than previously thought.
There was significant industrialisation in Britain before 1780.
Some sectors of the economy grew, eg textiles, iron and coal, but the rest stayed stagnant, or grew very slowly.
Most of England in 1851 was little different from England in 1751.
General Wade, Jack Metcalf, Thomas Telford and John Macadam
developed better roads, with firm foundations, drainage and a smooth surface.
