Industrial (Medicine Through Time 1750-1900) Flashcards
When was Germ Theory discovered?
1861
What did Robert Koch use to identify bacteria?
Chemical dyes and powerful microscopes.
Name one disease that Robert Koch identified?
TB 1882.
Cholera 1883.
What did Koch’s discovery enable Pasteur to do?
Develop vaccines using weakened bacteria.
What did Nightingale cut the death rate at Scutari hospital to?
42% - 2%.
What did Simpson discover in 1847?
Chloroform.
When did Lister develop carbolic acid as an antiseptic?
1867
When did Jenner discover that cowpox could prevent smallpox?
1796
When did the government make smallpox vaccination compulsory?
1852 and enforced after 1871
When was the first outbreak of cholera?
1831
Why was the first Public Health Act 1848 limited?
It was not compulsory, only optional
What was the Great Stink (1858)?
Sewage in the River Thames smelt so bad that Parliament had to be closed down
How many miles of sewers did Bazalgette build in London by 1866?
1300 miles
What did the Public Health Act of 1875 state?
Local authorities had to provide sewers, fresh water, paved streets and drains
What did John Snow discover in 1854?
Cholera was spread through dirty water. He proved this by removing the handle off the pump on Broad Street.
Why did public health get worse during the 19th Century?
Because governments were not interested in making it compulsory for local councils to change and adapt (1848 Public Health Act - Voluntary)
Was only until the 1875 Public Act - forced to change.
When did Chadwick publish his report into public health?
July 1842
When did Nightingale publish “Notes on Nursing”.
1860
What impact did the discovery of antiseptics have?
Lister’s carbolic spray reduced the death rate from 40% to 15%
It also led to aseptic surgery, ensuring the environment was sterilized.
What problem in surgery was not resolved in the 1800s?
Transplanting organs
Blood Transfusions (Blood Loss)
