industrial hygiene Flashcards
science and art devoted to the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control of those environmental factors or stresses arising in or from the workplace
industrial hygiene
noted lead toxicity in mining industry.
hippocrates
perceived health risk to those working with zinc and sulfur.
Devised a face mask made from an animal bladder to protect workers from exposure to dust and lead fumes.
Pliny the Elder, Roman Scholar
greek physician,accurately described the pathology of lead poisoning and also recognized the hazardous exposures of copper miners to acid mists.
galen
German Scholar, advance the science of industrial hygiene in his book De Re Metallica.
The book included suggestions for mine ventilation and worker protection, discussed mining accidents, and described diseases associated with mining occupations such as silicosis.
agricola
father of industrial medicine, ublished in Italy the first comprehensive book on industrial medicine, De Morbis Artificum Diatriba (The Diseases of Workmen).
The book contained accurate descriptions of the occupational diseases of most of the workers of his time.
bernardo romazzini
published a pamphlet on occupational diseases and injuries among gold miners.
wrote about the toxicity of carbon monoxide, mercury, lead, and nitric acid
ulrich ellenborg
as a result of his findings on the insidious effects of soot on chimney sweepers, was a major force in getting the British Parliament to pass the Chimney-Sweepers Act of 1788.
percival pott
Three landmark pieces of legislation related to safeguarding workers’ health:
The Metal and Nonmetallic Mines Safety Act of 1966
The Federal Coal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1969
The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSH Act)
relies on industrial hygienists to evaluate jobs for potential health hazards and recommend controls for environmental and physical hazards.
OSHA
are trained to anticipate, recognize, evaluate, and recommend controls for environmental and physical hazards that can affect the health and well-being of workers.
industrial hygienists
also play a major role in developing and issuing OSHA standards to protect workers from health hazards associated with toxic chemicals, biological hazards, and harmful physical agents.
industrial hygienists
is an essential first step that helps an industrial hygienist determine what jobs and workstations are the sources of potential problems.
worksite analysis
recognize that engineering, work practice, and administrative controls are the primary means of reducing employee exposure to occupational hazards.
industrial hygienist
minimize employee exposure by either reducing or removing the hazard at the source or isolating the worker from the hazard.
Engineering
controls
alter the manner in which a task is performed.
Work practice controls
Work practice controls:
Some fundamental and easily implemented work practice controls include
(1) changing existing work practices to follow proper procedures that minimize exposures while operating production and control equipment;
(2) inspecting and maintaining process and control equipment on a regular basis;
(3) implementing good housekeeping procedures;
(4) providing good supervision; and
(5) mandating that eating, drinking, smoking, chewing tobacco or gum, and applying cosmetics in regulated areas be prohibited.
include controlling employees’ exposure by scheduling production and tasks, or both, in ways that minimize exposure levels.
Administrative controls
To be effective, personal protective equipment must be individually selected, properly fitted and periodically refitted; conscientiously and properly worn; regularly maintained; and replaced, as necessary.
PERSONALPROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT
The Five Components of Industrial Hygiene
Recognition
Evaluation
Prevention
Control
refers to understanding the possibility for potential industrial hygiene hazards within your work environment.
Anticipation
to recognizing the actual hazards that exist within your workplace, which includes locating and documenting them.
Recognition
refers to the process of assessing potential worker exposure to the identified hazards, and drawing conclusions about the level of risk to your workers for each one.
Evaluation
is the process of developing and implementing strategies to eliminate the occurrence of harmful conditions in the workplace, or reduce them to acceptable levels.
Prevention
Control is the process of creating processes and strategies, and implementing tools, to effectively control the impact of any hazards that cannot be removed from the environment.
Control
These are commonly classified as either particulate or gas and vapor contaminants. The most common particulate contaminants include dusts, fumes, mists, aerosols, and fibers.
air contaminants
Harmful chemical compounds in the form of solids, liquids, gases, mists, dusts, fumes, and vapors exert toxic effects by inhalation (breathing), absorption (through direct contact with the skin), or ingestion (eating or drinking). ts, and more. It is mostly presented like before.
chemical hazards
Exposure entry routes of chemicals:
Inhalation:
Breathed in(most common route)
Absorption:
Drawn through skin or eye surface
Ingestion:
Swallowing via eating or drinking
Injection:
Penetration through the skin
Exposure entry routes of chemicals:
Inhalation:
Breathed in(most common route)
Absorption:
Drawn through skin or eye surface
Ingestion:
Swallowing via eating or drinking
Injection:
Penetration through the skin
Examples of chemical exposure symptoms:
Eye, nose, throat, upper respiratory, skin irritation
Flu-like symptoms
Difficulty breathing
Fatigue
Loss of coordination
Memory difficulties
Sleeplessness
Mental confusion
Engineering controls
Ventilation – local (hood) / general (dilution)
Process and equipment modification
Isolation/automation
Worksite analysis – assessing exposures:
- Air monitoring – personal and area
- Noise monitoring
- Observation – PPE use and work practices
- Ventilation measurements
- Wipe samples – surfaces and personnel
Bacteria, viruses, parasites, and molds or fungi are examples of biological health risks. When they come into touch with skin, are eaten, or are inhaled, they can be harmful to human health.
biological hazards
Possible effects of exposure to biological hazards:
Mild, allergic reactions
Serious medical conditions
Death
Most virulent and prevalent biological agents
prevention for biological hazard
Proper personal hygiene, Particularly: hand washing Hospital should provide
Proper ventilation. Proper personal protective equipment such as adequate infectious waste disposal system, appropriate controls including isolation in instances of particularly contagious diseases such as tuberculosis
In occupations where there is exposure to ionizing radiation, time, distance, and shielding are important tools in ensuring worker safety.
physical hazards
Danger from radiation increases with the amount of time one is exposed to it; hence, the shorter the time of exposure the smaller the radiation danger.
Distance also is a valuable tool in controlling exposure to both ionizing and nonionizing radiation. Radiation levels from some sources can be estimated by comparing the squares of the distances between the worker and the source
Shielding also is a way to protect against radiation.
time, distance, shielding
can be reduced by installing equipment and systems that have been engineered, designed, and built to operate quietly.
noise
By enclosing or shielding noisy equipment
By making certain that equipment is in good repair and properly maintained with all worn or unbalanced parts replaced.
preventing noise
factories such as steel mills, can be controlled by installing reflective shields and by providing protective clothing.
radiant heat exposure
7s
safety
synergy
sort
set in order
shine
standardize
sustain
