Industrial Chemistry Flashcards
From the data given, identify each of the following reactions as either exothermic or endothermic.
a CO2(g) + C(s) ® 2CO(g); DH = +161 kJ mol–1
b N2(g) + 3H2(g) ® 2NH3(g); DH = –91 kJ mol–1
c 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) ® C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(g); DH = +2803 kJ mol–1
d H+ (aq) + OH–(aq) ® H2O(l); DH = –57 kJ mol–1
a endothermic
b exothermic
c endothermic
d exothermic
Natural gas begins to burn when lit with a match. Why does it continue to burn when the match is taken away?
Once it has commenced, the reaction continues because its activation energy is continually being supplied by thermal energy released as the match burns.
Consider the examples of reactions mentioned on page 251—wood burning on a camp fire, bathroom tiles being cleaned, a cake baking, and a tomato plant growing.
a How would you speed up the rates of these reactions?
b Explain why the methods you suggested would produce an increase in the reaction rate.
a To increase the rate at which wood burns you could use smaller pieces of wood. Bathroom tiles could be cleaned more rapidly using a more concentrated cleaning agent. Cakes bake more rapidly if the temperature in the oven is increased. Increased hours of sunlight make tomato plants grow faster.
b The frequency of collisions between the reacting particles is increased by increasing the surface area (in the case of the wood burning) and by increasing concentration (when bathroom tiles are being cleaned). Increasing the temperature at which a cake bakes causes more reactant particles to have sufficient energy to overcome the activation energy of reactions and also increases the rate of collisions between reacting particles. Increasing the hours of sunlight experienced by a tomato plant results in more reactant particles having sufficient energy to continue the reaction for a longer period.
Explain the following observations in terms of the behaviour of particles.
a There have been many explosions in coal mines.
b Refrigeration slows down the browning of sliced apples.
c Bushfires often start during lightning storms.
d Iron anchors from shipwrecks can show little corrosion after years in the sea.
e A burning match is used to light a candle, but the candle continues to burn when the match is extinguished.
a If coal dust in a coal mine is accidentally ignited an explosion may occur. Coal dust has a high surface area and therefore burns rapidly, producing gases so quickly that pressure in the coal mine mounts and an explosion eventually occurs.
b At low temperatures, the rate of the reactions involved in food spoilage is slow because few particles have energy equal to or greater than the activation energy of the spoilage reactions. This effect is also compounded by the lower frequency of collisions between reactants at low temperatures.
c A lightning flash can provide the activation energy needed for particles to undergo a combustion reaction.
d The low concentration of oxygen at great depths in sea water results in a low frequency of collisions between oxygen molecules and iron metal and, as a consequence, very little corrosion.
e A match initially provides the reactant particles with the energy needed to overcome the activation energy of the reaction. Once the reaction has commenced, the heat released as a result is sufficient to maintain the process.
Some reactions are called explosions. What are the features of these reactions?
In an explosion, the reaction occurs rapidly and a large amount of energy is released. The products are gaseous and a large change in volume occurs.
Decide, giving reasons for your answers, whether the following processes are endothermic or exothermic:
a burning of wood
b melting of ice
c recharging of a car battery
d decomposition of plants in a compost heap
a Exothermic, because heat and light energy are released to the surrounding environment by the combustion of wood.
b Endothermic, because thermal energy is absorbed from the surrounding environment to melt the ice.
c Endothermic, because electrical energy is consumed from a power supply as the battery is recharged.
d Exothermic, because heat energy is released to the surrounding environment as organisms in the compost heap decompose the plant material. The temperature of the heap rises as a consequence.
The activation energy for the reaction A + B ® C is greater than the activation energy for the reverse (opposite) reaction C ® A + B. Is the reaction A + B ® C exothermic or endothermic? Explain.
Endothermic. As the diagrams demonstrate, the activation energy of an endothermic reaction is larger than the activation energy of the reaction in reverse.
Hydrogen reacts explosively with oxygen to form water.
a What chemical bonds are broken in the reaction?
b What chemical bonds are formed?
c Explain how the energy changes during bond-breaking and bond-forming affect the energy change for the reaction.
d Why is there no reaction until the reaction mixture is ignited?
a The single H–H bond in each hydrogen molecule and the double O=O bond in each oxygen molecule are broken in the course of this reaction.
b Two H–O bonds are formed in each new water molecule during the reaction.
c The energy change for the reaction is the difference between the energy absorbed to break the bonds in the H2 and O2 reactants, and the energy released when the bonds in the H2O product are made.
d No reaction occurs until sufficient energy is supplied to overcome the activation energy.
The combustion of butane gas in portable stoves can be represented by the equation:
2C4H10(g) + 13O2(g) ® 8CO2(g) + 10H2O(l); DH = –5772 kJ mol–1
a How does the overall energy of the bonds in the reactants compare with the energy of the bonds in the products?
b Draw an energy profile diagram for the reaction, labelling DH and the activation energy.
c Describe how your diagram would change for the equation:
C4H10(g) + 6.5O2(g) ® 4CO2(g) + 5H2O(l)
a higher energy in bonds of reactants
b
cActivation energy and H values are halved.
Many major car makers have unveiled hydrogen-powered cars. In the engines of these cars, hydrogen reacts with oxygen from the air to produce water.
2H2(g) + O2(g) ® 2H2O(g)
Energy changes for the reaction are shown in Figure 15.22.
a What is the magnitude of the activation energy of this reaction?
b What is DH for this reaction?
c Several groups of scientists have claimed to have split water into hydrogen and oxygen using a molybdenum catalyst:
2H2O(g) 2H2(g) + O2(g)
Sketch energy change graphs for this reaction with and without the presence of a catalyst.
d What is the value of DH for this water-splitting equation?
a 1370 kJ mol–1
b –572 kJ mol–1
c
d. +572 kJ mol–1
When one mole of methane gas burns completely in oxygen, the process of bond breaking uses 3380 kJ of energy and 4270 kJ of energy is released as new bonds form.
a Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction.
b Calculate the value of the heat of reaction, DH, for the reaction.
c Draw a diagram to show the changes in energy during the course of the reaction.
a CH4(g) + 2O2(g) ® CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
b –890 kJ mol–1
c
The formation of hydrogen iodide from its elements is represented by the equation:
H2(g) + I2(g) ® 2HI(g)
This endothermic reaction has an activation energy of 167 kJ mol–1 and the heat of reaction, DH, is +28 kJ mol–1. What is the activation energy for the reverse reaction, the decomposition of two mole of hydrogen iodide?
139 kJ mol–1
Account for the following observations with reference to the collision model of particle behaviour.
a Surfboard manufacturers find that fibreglass plastics set within hours in summer but may remain tacky for days in winter.
b A bottle of fine aluminium powder has a caution sticker warning that it is ‘highly flammable, dust explosion possible’.
c A potato cooks much more slowly in a billy of boiling water on a trekking holiday in Nepal than a potato boiled in a similar way in the Australian bush.
a At higher temperatures the molecules that react to form fibreglass plastics have greater energy. They collide more frequently and are more likely to have a total energy exceeding the activation energy of the reaction involved, increasing the rate of reaction.
b Fine particles have a large surface area, resulting in a high frequency of collisions of aluminium particles with gas molecules (such as oxygen) in the air and hence rapid reaction rate. The aluminium can burn vigorously and release a large quantity of heat.
c At high altitude, such as in Nepal, air pressure is considerably lower than at any location in the Australian bush and so the water boils at a lower temperature in Nepal (up to 30ºC lower!). Thus, the average kinetic energy of the molecules in the potato is lower and the reactions involved in cooking a potato occur more slowly.
a Explain why surface properties are important to the operation of catalysts.
b Many industrial catalysts are made into porous pellets. What is the reason for this?
a Reactions involving a heterogeneous catalyst take place at the surface of the catalyst. Reactants form bonds with the catalyst, lowering the activation energy of reactions and allowing them to proceed more rapidly.
b A porous pellet has a much larger surface area than a solid lump. More reactants may be in contact with the surface of a porous pellet at any instant, producing a faster rate of reaction.
Explain the meaning of the terms:
a catalyst
b activation energy
a Catalyst – a substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing permanent change.
b Activation energy – the energy required by the reactants in order to form products in a reaction.
If a sugar cube is held in the flame of a candle, the sugar melts and browns but does not burn. However, the cube will burn if salt is first rubbed into it, even though the salt does not react. Explain the effect of the salt on the activation energy of this combustion reaction.
When salt is mixed with sugar, the salt acts as a catalyst and lowers the activation energy of the combustion reaction between sugar and oxygen.
Perform a literature search using an Internet search engine to find details about three new catalysts that are being developed.
Individual student response required.
Figure 15.23
Energy profiles at 40°C and 60°C.
a Figure 15.23 shows the kinetic energy profile of particles at two different temperatures, 40°C and 60°C. Indicate the temperatures represented by graph A and graph B.
b Draw a graph of number of particles versus kinetic energy that shows the effect of a catalyst on a reaction.
c Use the diagram you have drawn in part b to explain in terms of collision theory how a catalyst increases the rate of a reaction.
A18.
a
b
cWhen a catalyst is present a different reaction intermediate is formed with bonds that require less energy to break (E´) than in the uncatalysed reaction (E´´). At a given temperature (average kinetic energy) more molecules have a kinetic energy E´ than E´´. As more reactants have sufficient energy to react, the rate of reaction increases.
Lumps of limestone, calcium carbonate, react readily with dilute hydrochloric acid. Four large lumps of limestone, mass 10.0 g, were reacted with 100 mL 0.100 M acid.
a Write a balanced equation to describe the reaction.
b Which reactant is in excess? Use a calculation to support your answer.
cD escribe a technique that you could use in a school laboratory to measure the rate of the reaction.
d 10.0 g of small lumps of limestone will react at a different rate from four large lumps. Will the rate of reaction with the smaller lumps be faster or slower? Explain your answer in terms of collision theory.
e List two other ways in which the rate of this reaction can be altered. Explain your answer in terms of collision theory.
a CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) ® CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
b n(CaCO3) = 10.0 g/100.1 g mol–1 = 0.0999 mol
n(HCl) = 0.1 M ´ 0.1 L = 0.01 mol
\CaCO3 is in excess
c The rate of reaction can be measured by:
·a decrease in mass of reaction mixture as CO2(g) escapes to the atmosphere
·an increase in pH with a pH probe as acid is consumed.
d The rate of reaction with the smaller lumps will be faster. The smaller lumps have a larger surface area so more collisions can occur per second.
e Increase temperature; increase concentration of hydrochloric acid.
The reaction of hydrogen and iodine to form hydrogen iodide:
H2(g) + I2(s) F 2HI(g)
is shown on the energy level diagram Figure 15.24.
Figure 15.24
Energy level diagram for the production of hydrogen iodide.
a Copy Figure 15.24 and label the following: H2(g) and I2(s); HI(g); DH; activation energy.
b Is the reaction endothermic or exothermic?
c Draw on the diagram the energy profile that would result if a catalyst was used in the reaction.
a, c
b The reactant is endothermic.
In 1996, while the Turkish ship MV B. Onal was riding at anchor in Delaware Bay, near Philadelphia in the USA, a 2 tonne hatch cover suddenly blew off. As the ship was carrying a cargo of iron, the surprised crew asked themselves, ‘Can iron explode?’
As you may be aware, traditionally iron oxide (Fe2O3) is reduced to molten iron in a blast furnace […]
A new process which uses less energy has been developed. Iron oxide is converted directly to solid iron without having to heat the reactants to the melting point of iron. Iron oxide is heated to 550°C in the presence of carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas. The iron oxide is reduced to iron by both gases with the formation of carbon dioxide or water.
Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) ® 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g) (1)
Fe2O3(s) + 3H2(g) ® 2Fe(s) + 3H2O (g) (2)
The pellets of pure iron that are formed are extremely porous and full of many tiny holes, in contrast to the solid formed when the molten iron from a blast furnace cools. Under the right conditions the iron pellets can be oxidised back to iron oxide.
In most cases, iron is oxidised slowly by oxygen back to iron oxide and the resulting heat can readily escape. If the pellets are more than one metre deep, as in the hold of a ship, the heat cannot escape quickly enough and the temperature rises. This speeds up the reaction rate. If the temperature increases sufficiently and water is present, another reaction occurs and the oxidation rate is speeded up 100-fold, with the release of more heat:
Fe(s) + H2O(g) ® FeO(s) + H2(g) (3)
Any spark or fire will set off an explosion of hydrogen gas, and that is what happened on the MV B. Onal.
a What is the main reason the new reduction process uses less energy than the old process?
b Write equations showing the oxidation of iron by oxygen to form iron(II) oxide and iron(III) oxide.
c If water is present the oxidation reaction is speeded up 100-fold. Is water acting as a catalyst? Explain your answer.
d Is the reaction shown in equation 3 endothermic or exothermic?
e List the factors that increased the rate of reaction in equation 3.
f Firefighters were not able to use water to put out the fire in the cargo hold. Why not? Suggest how they could put out the fire.
a The temperature of the new process (550ºC) is much lower than the temperature of 1800ºC in the blast furnace.
b2Fe(s) + O2(g) ® 2FeO(s)
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) ® 2Fe2O3(s)
c No. The reaction of iron with water is different to the reaction of iron with dry oxygen and proceeds at a different rate.
d exothermic
e High surface area of iron pellets, high temperature caused by trapped heat that was unable to escape rapidly.
f Water would have caused the production of more hydrogen and increased the fire. The method used by the firefighters to extinguish the fire was to flood the hold with liquid nitrogen, which extinguished the surface fire but did not stop the deeper burning. A crane and clamshell bucket was then used to unload the iron into piles less than 1 m deep so the heat could escape.
Chemical reactions in the body normally take place at 37°C. Explain how the rate of chemical reactions in the body can account for the following facts.
a The body often responds to illness by an increase in temperature, accompanied by a higher pulse rate and faster breathing.
b People rescued from drowning after 20 or 30 minutes in freezing water can sometimes survive and recover with no brain damage.
a Higher body temperature increases the rate of reactions. Increased pulse and breathing rate increases the concentration of reactants.
b Lower body temperature decreases rate of metabolic reactions in the body.
Write an equation to show the equilibrium that exists between NaI(s) and Na+(aq) and I–(aq).
NaI(s) F Na+(aq) + I–(aq)
a Sketch a graph of the change in the radioactivity of the solution over time.
b On the same axes, sketch a graph of the change in the radioactivity of the solid over time.
a, b
a By referring to the equilibrium:
H2O(l) F H2O(g)
explain what is meant by the ‘dynamic nature’ of chemical equilibrium and why wet clothes in a closed laundry bag do not dry.
b When the bag in part a is opened the clothes begin to dry. Is this due to an equilibrium process? Explain your answer.
a Chemical equilibrium is ‘dynamic’ because both forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate. An equilibrium develops between water vapour and water when wet clothes are in a sealed bag, with water evaporating as rapidly as water vapour condenses, so the clothes remain wet.
b When the bag is opened, water vapour escapes and the rate of evaporation exceeds the rate of condensation. The system is not in equilibrium and the clothes dry.
