Industrial Britain

Question 1

Define urbanisation.

Answer 1

Large numbers of people migrating/moving from rural areas into towns and cities, seeking regular work in the factories.

Question 2

What were the key features of urbanisation that contributed to the development of sport?

Answer 2

Lack of Work Space: space was premium in cities so developed purpose-built facilities.
Large working-class population: mass spectator numbers at football and rugby matches because of large workforces.
Loss of traditional sports: many working-class traditional activities (eg. mob games) were banned in civilised urban society so need for new sports to emerge.
Change in working conditions: Initially working class worked long hours in the factories, and had limited free time. Income or energy to devote to sport. As the situation improved, spot attendance and participation increased.

Question 3

How did the development of transport impact sport?

Answer 3

-Development of steam trains and railways= increased spectator and participation opportunities, spreads interest in sports.
-Spectators could follow teams to away matches and regular national fixtures, leagues + cup competitions developed, creating unified rules.
-Filed sports, climbing and walking became more accessible via improved access to countryside. Areas in rural times were reachable and affordable.

Question 4

How and why did the church influence sport?

Answer 4

Promoted social control (improved behaviour) through ‘civilised activities’
-Encouraged civilised behaviour; shift from popular recreations to rational recreations (i.e. diverted people from drinking/gambling)
-Promote good Christian values
-Wanted to increase attendance on holy days and church ceremonies.
-Offered church facilities: halls, fields
-Organised teams such as football
-Sunday school got more involved as young people wanted to take part
-YMCA - CUBS developed through church
-Gave opportunity for clergy to come in contact with the wider community

Question 5

What is muscular Christianity?

Answer 5

Used in sport (especially association football) to get more people to church

Question 6

Can you name a football team that originated from a church team?

Answer 6

Aston Villa - originated from Villa Cross Methodist Church

Question 7

How did the emergence of the middle class in a three-tier society develop sport?

Answer 7

• Codification: development of strict rules as public school boys+university old boys played a key role in developing NGBs.
• Competition: development of leagues and competitions via middle-class involvement in public schools etc.
• Increase leisure time: workers given more time off work.
• Move to professionalism: helped in the development of early professional/commercial sport.
• Public provisions

Question 8

Define philanthropists.

Answer 8

Kind, generous, middle class individuals who had a social conscience and were keen to try to provide a better life among the working class.

Question 9

Why was sport spread through the British Empire?

Answer 9

English public school boys play an important role in ‘games ethics’. Sport seen as very good and powerful way to install good morals. Helped bind various people of the empire together. Young men educated to become leaders of the British Empire spread through many ways.

Question 10

Who spread sport throughout the British Empire?

Answer 10

Teachers- developed teams and taught traditional sporting values.
Clergy- developed church teams or became missionaries and took sports abroad.
Industrialists/factory owners- set up teams, gave workers time off to compete.
Officers- in British army, sport spread throughout army.
Diplomats- travelled world and took sports with them.
Developed NGBs, codified sport, established leagues and competitions that eventaully went international.

Question 11

Why were NBG’s developed?

Answer 11

-Maintenance of control of sport among the middle class and upper class.
-Maintain amateur ideal
- More fixtures required
-Different public schools played different versions of sports- an issue when school boys moved on.
-More Leagues required
-Rules and codification required
-More clubs forming
-Threats of professionalism/ commercialisation

Question 12

Why do some NGBs try to prevent professionals from competing in their sport?

Answer 12

-due to the desire to maintain control of sport
-preserve amateur ideal
-Maintain exclusivity
-Not like losing to lower class(professionals)

Question 13

Define Amateur.

Answer 13

A person who plays a sport for the love of it and receives no financial gain.

Question 14

Define professional.

Answer 14

A person who plays sports for financial gain.

Question 15

What are the values of Amateursim?

Answer 15

-Manliness: robustness, striving for physical endeavour
-Appreciating the values of health and fitness
-Appreciating the value of rule-regulated activity
-High moral integrity

Question 16

What are the characteristics of a gentleman amateur?

Answer 16

-Being a respected member of society with public school background; high status in sport reflected by high status in society
-Belonging to the social elite, having wealth and plenty of free time for sport.
-Participation in sport was viewed as a character-building exercise
-Playing a range of sports using their natural talents
-Playing sports to a high moral code

Question 17

What were the positive impacts of Amateurism (gentleman amateur)?

Answer 17

-Code of amateurism: based on playing sport to clearly set rules which were put in place by the middle and upper classes that formed many NGBs (fair play, referees)
-Belonging to the social elite: having wealth and plenty of time to play sports for the love of it rather than monetary gain
-Participation in sport: seen more important than winning and taking part viewed as character building exercise. Played according to God-given talents and training was frowned upon as this constitutes professionalism.
-‘ALL ROUNDER’ viewed in high regard by amateur

Question 17

What are the working class ‘Professionals’?

Answer 17

-Working class had lower status and could not afford to play sport
-Working class professionals came from poor backgrounds.
-Perceived be corruptible as were controlled by money (take a bribe to throw a fight)
-Early professionals in walking/running races, were paid according to results
-Foul play and gamesmanship used to try gain an advantage and increase the chances of winning (stretching the rules)

Question 18

What are the positive impacts of the nineteenth century professionalism on sports development?

Answer 18

-As the poorest members of society, had to be paid a wage for time off working and representing their factory, broken time payments ended.
-Paid based on results so performance was developed as result of training
-Earning money from sport was seen as an avenue for ‘social mobility’
-Created a determination to succeed i.e. high rewards at stake and pressure to succeed to maintain a certain lifestyle
-Professionalism slowly developed at end of 19th century e.g. employment in a factory sometimes based on talent to play sport.

Question 19

What are the key features of the early 20th-century amateurs?

Answer 19

-Start of 20th cent amateur maintained their prominence in sport in a number of ways for examples their positions at the top of the NGBs
-High status in sport and society
-Controllers of sport: middle and upper-class control
-Top performers: was more than likely that top performers came from middle and upper class.
-High moral: had sufficient income and leisure time to play sport for the love and receive no payment. Emphasis on fair play.

Question 20

What are ‘MODERN-DAY’ amateurs?

Answer 20

Lost their status, emphasis on equality of opportunity, with achievements based more on merit and personal performance standards.
-Performance at top level in most sports open to all.
-Some amateurs receive finance to pay for training expenses.
-Tend to be lower status than professionals.
-Blurring of amateur and professionals.
-National lottery/sports aid grants to help support amateurs.
-Some high level performers still not professional.

Question 21

What are the positives of modern-day amateurism?

Answer 21

-Codes of amateurism still evident in British sport via fairplay/ sportsmanship
-Still viewed positively and promoted in number of ways, e.g. shaking of hands at end of game.
-Sports like rugby maintained amateurism until late into 20th cent and still have codes based on such principles (calling referee sir)

Question 22

What are the characteristics of a ‘Modern-Day Professional’?

Answer 22

-All classes can compete: social class no longer barrier to success
-People now respected for talents and efforts in reaching the top
-High rewards for professionals through media and sponsorship
-More spectators attend matches with easier, more affordable travel
-Positive role models, act as motivators
-Celebrity status: many professionals are very wealthy, and materialism highly valued by many in modern society

Question 23

What is rational recreation?

Answer 23

In the 19th century, these were sports pastimes for the lower classes which were designed by the middle classes to be well-ordered, organised and controlled.

Question 24

What are the negative effects of rationalised sports during the first half of the 19th century?

Answer 24

-Lack of leisure time: shift from ‘Seasonal’ to ‘MAchine’ leading to 12-hour working days, 6 days a week; the Sabbath (ie Sunday was religious day of rest)
-Migration of lower class into cities: looking for work in new factories being built- led to loss of space to play traditional mob games and over crowding, No room for Mob football
-Lack of income: low wages and poverty were evident, little spare income for leisure pursuits.
-Loss of rights: restrictions placed on mob games and blood sports by a change in criminal law.
-Poor health: along with poor working and living conditions; led to pollution, also meant little energy to play sport.
-A lack of public provisions: no access to private facilities or no personal equipment for the lower classes