Industrial britain

Question 1

Identify two positive benefits for factories developing football teams in the post-industrial society. Also, can you name a current professional football club that started as a factory team?

(Total 2marks)

Answer 1

* Increased health and fitness of workers

* More efficient workers due to increased moral

* More disciplined workforce as sport taught morals

• Arsenal

Question 2

Whichoneof the following statements accurately describes the term urbanisation?

A= An improvement in living conditions in run-down areas of society

B= An increase in the proportion of people living in towns compared to the countryside

C= The import and export of sports throughout the British Empire

D= The movement from an industrial society to an agricultural society

Answer 2

B

Question 3

By the beginning of the 20th century, football had become a popular sport with working class populations in urban areas.

Suggest reasons for the decline of mob games and their replacement by this modern form of sport. [5 marks]

Answer 3

• Ex-public schoolboys and factroy owners set up teams via factories / church in which working class could participate
• Commercialisation of football provided the basis for professional teams / players
• Majority encouraged to become spectators due to increased disposable income
• Improvements in transport / railways - more widespread fixtures
• Shorter working week / works facilities
• Promotion of football among population via media
• Industrial work reduced number of festivals / opportunities to play mob games reduced
• Development of urban areas destroyed traditional village rivalries on which mob games were based
• Urban areas initially lacked the open spaces required for mob games
• Industrialisation produced clear division between work and leisure time / particular times of the week became associated with leisure time
• Laws / changes in culture made rowdy, violent behaviour associated with mob games unacceptable / civilising process reduced the levels of violence that would be tolerated

*Accept any other suitable answers

Question 4

Analyse how the emergence of the middle class in the industrial and post-industrial period (1780–1900) impacted on the sport of association football at this time. [8 marks]

Answer 4

AO1 Knowledge of the middle class in the industrial and post-industrial period (1780−1900)

*   Middle class were self-made men who took advantage of new business opportunities available during the industrial revolution.

*   Also emerged from school and universities.

*   Less money than upper class but education/entrepreneurialism allowed them to take up prominent roles in society.

*   They became factory owners, clergy, officers in the army etc.

*   These roles put them in positions where they oversaw/had control over/were trying to help the working class.

AO2 Application of the middle class to association football

*   National governing bodies: Middle class set up a national governing body (the FA) which codified sports allowing everyone to play by the same rules.

*   They created competition structures for people to enter such as the FA Cup.

*   Factory owners: Set up factory teams.

*   Providing workers with increased leisure time.

*   Clergy: Provided land and facilities for football to take place.

*   Philanthropists: Paid for the development of public parks/facilities where football could be played.

AO3 Analysis of how the middle class impacted on the sport of association football

*   Broken time payments made by factory owners signalled the start of professional football which increased the standard by making the sport more appealing to the working class.

*   Factory owners set aside time for footballers to train and play matches allowing greater focus on improving sport specific skills and fitness.

*   The codification of rules by the FA/middle class meant that teams could travel to different areas to play a larger pool of teams of a higher ability, which improved the standard.

*   The development of structured competitions such as the FA cup meant that the sport became more competitive/success was widely recognised increasing factory owners’ motivation to bring together the best teams possible.

*   The provision of more football pitches via the church and philanthropists increased the number of people who were able to play. This increased the playing pool and therefore the standard of the players who reached the top and became professional.

Accept any other appropriate analysis of how the emergence of the middle class in the industrial and post-industrial period (1780–1900) impacted on the sport of association football at the time.

Max 8 marks

Question 5

identify five Social factors that influenced society in the 19th century

Answer 5

A. Reduction of working hours / increased leisure time

B. Increase in wages

C. Improvements in railways / transport (which allowed)

D. Improved communication / media / newspapers

E. Emergence of middle classes

F. Creation of governing bodies / clubs

G. Creation of teams from factories / churches [accept muscular Christianity] / ex-public school boys / provision of access to facilities / philanthropists

H. Emergence of professional teams

I. Urbanisation

J. Commercialisation

K. British Empire / colonial / Commonwealth

L. Public provision (local authority/government) / civilising of society

M. Technology / inventions

N. Public schools/universities / old boys network

Question 6

The nineteenth century saw the emergence of the middle classes, who had a social conscience with regard to the development of sport.

Explain how the middle classes contributed to the development of lawn tennis during this period.
[2 marks]

Answer 6

*   Middle class formed NGB, the Lawn Tennis Association (1)

*   Middle class supported the codification of tennis / the development of rules / development of equipment / clubs (1)

*   (Middle class supported the development of competitions / they developed league and competition structures / tournaments (1)

*   Middle class supported women in participating in lawn tennis (1)

Answers must relate to the nineteenth century

Accept any other appropriate explanations of how the middle classes contributed to the development of lawn tennis.

Question 7

In 1850 Dr William Penny Brookes founded the Wenlock Olympian Games.

Identify two aims of the Wenlock Olympian Games.
[2 marks]

Answer 7

*   Form Olympian Class (1)

*   Promote moral improvements (1)

*   Promote physical improvements (1)

*   Promote intellectual improvements (1)

*   Targeted at people of the town and neighbourhood of Wenlock (1)

Accept first two answers only.

Question 8

Many of the sporting values and technical developments that underpin modern sport were established in the 19th century.

Explain the social factors that contributed to the emergence of mass spectator sport in the 19th century.
[4 marks]

Answer 8

Reduction of working hours / better wages (which allowed) increased time to attend matches / pay for leisure activities.

Accept time or money, both not needed.

Improvements in railways / transport (which allowed) easier access to events / able to attend matches played further away.

Improved communication / media / newspapers / better literacy / more people could read (which allowed) promotion role models / celebrities / awareness of events.

Emergence of middle classes (which allowed) opportunity for business / agents / social control / need to entertain the masses / encourage better social morals or equiv.

Do not accept:

Sponsorship.

Television.

-Creation of governing bodies / development of rational recreation (which allowed) organised competitions / leagues / international events / standardised rules / regulations / codification / regular fixtures.

Better technology – too vague.

Answer has to make reference to the impact on sport.

Creation of teams from factories / churches / ex-public school boys (which allowed) local opportunity for spectators / creation of sense of community.

Emergence of professional teams / broken time payments (which allowed) exciting spectacle / higher standard of play / local team to support.

Urbanisation (which caused) need for alternative to traditional sporting activities due to lack of space / large population close together made spectating necessary / loss of mob games / growth of towns / cities.

Commercialisation (which caused) opportunities to develop professional teams / spectator team identity or equiv / develop new stadiums.

Answer must have some link to impact of named factor rather than just a list of points.

Question 9

During the industrial and post-industrial period (1780 – 1900) rapid changes occurred in sport reflecting the changes occurring in society. One such change was the development of improved transport and communication.

(a) Suggest how the improvements in transport and communication during this period led to an increase in the standard of performance in sport. [4 marks]

Answer 9

*Development of further / faster transport allowed teams to travel further playing against a higher standard of opposition / play more (1)

• Improved transport allowed the development of leagues increasing competitiveness and incentivising success (1)
• Improved / cheaper transport allowed performers access to new activities increasing the number of performers and in turn the overall standard (1)

*Improved communication led to the development of role models who younger performers aimed to emulate / copy (1)

*Improved communication led to the codification of sport, enabling fixtures and leagues to occur between people from different areas (1)

• Improved communication meant you could follow a team, increasing spectators, leading to professionalism (1)

Accept any other appropriate suggestion of how transport and communication led to an increase in the standard of performance. Improvement in transport and communication must be linked to improvement in standard of performance.

Question 10

Explain how the public schoolboys and university old boys influenced the spread of sport throughout the British Empire’s foreign territories.
[3 marks]

Answer 10

[AO2 = 2]

*   As clergy/missionaries they developed church teams/promoted muscular Christianity (1)

*   As officers in the army they used sport within the armed service and this spread throughout the Empire (1)

*   As diplomats travelling to different countries allowed them to take sport with them (1)

*   As teachers taught sporting values in schools across the British Empire (1)

Accept any other appropriate explanation for how the public schoolboys and university old boys influenced the spread of sport throughout the British Empire’s foreign territories.

Question 11

Which of the following is not a characteristic of amateurs in the 1800s?

A

Controllers of sport

B

High moral codes

C

High social status

D

Lower-level performers

Answer 11

D

Question 12

Explain how the Church supported and promoted sport and recreation during late-nineteenth century Britain. [3 marks]

Answer 12

[AO2 = 2]

*   Churches used sport to influence social control/redirecting time to sport to improve behaviour and less time was spent gambling/drinking (1)

*   Churches used their land to provide sporting/recreational activities (1)

*   Churches used sport to promote Christian values (1)

*   Churches used sport and recreation as a good way to increase congregation/attendance numbers (1)

Accept any other appropriate explanation for how the Church promoted and supported sport and recreation.

Question 13

The nineteenth century saw the emergence of the middle classes, who had a social conscience with regard to the development of sport.

Explain how the middle classes contributed to the development of lawn tennis during this period. [2 marks]

Answer 13

[AO2 = 2]

*   Middle class formed NGB, the Lawn Tennis Association (1)

*   Middle class supported the codification of tennis / the development of rules / development of equipment / clubs (1)

*   (Middle class supported the development of competitions / they developed league and competition structures / tournaments (1)

*   Middle class supported women in participating in lawn tennis (1)

Answers must relate to the nineteenth century

Accept any other appropriate explanations of how the middle classes contributed to the development of lawn tennis.

Question 14

Explain how the church promoted sport and recreation among their local communities

during the mid-to-late nineteenth century. [3 marks]

Answer 14

Encourage social control e.g. improving behaviour and diverting from less social behaviours (1)

Churches offered the use of halls which increased the availability of facilities / spaces for sport and recreation to be played (1)

Churches looked to increase the morality and values of society through sport and recreation (1)

Churches organised teams/fixtures/leagues which encouraged participation in sport (1)

The church utilised sport and recreation to promote Christian values and increase church attendances (1)

The church promoted muscular Christianity through sport (1)

Accept any other appropriate explanations of how the church promoted sport and recreation among their local communities during the mid-to-late nineteenth century.

Question 15

State three characteristics of amateurs during the industrial and post-industrial (1780–1900) period. [3 marks]

Answer 15

Award one mark for any of the following points.

*   High status / respected (1)

*   Played for the love of the game (1)

*   Controlled sport (1)

*   Top / best performers (1)

*   High moral values / sportsmanship / fair play (1).

Do not accept upper class

Not paid is too vague

Accept any other relevant characteristics of amateurs during this period (1780-1900).

Max 3 marks

Question 16

Rational recreation saw the development of early professionalism during the industrial and post-industrial era (1780–1900).

Explain the differences between the gentleman amateur and working-class professional and the impact these had on their participation during this time. [4 marks]

Answer 16

*   (Wealth) Gentlemen amateur had more money therefore had access to a wider range of activities to participate in / working class professional has less money so could access fewer activities to participate in (1)

*   (Time) Gentleman amateur had more free time so had the opportunity to participate in more activity / working class professional had less free time due to long working hours so had less opportunity to participate in activity (1)

*   (Commitment) Gentleman amateurs had less desire to improve performance therefore had no desire to participate in training / working class professional were more committed to perform as well as possible so participated in training (1)

*   (Morality) Gentleman amateur had higher morality therefore participation had an emphasis on taking part and fair play / working class professionals had lower morality therefore participation was based on a win at all costs approach (1).

Answers must show evidence of comparison and impact on participation to be credited.

Accept other appropriate discussion of the differences between the ‘gentleman amateur’ and ‘working-class professional’.

Question 17

Explain how two characteristics of sport are evident in the game of tennis. [4 marks]

Answer 17

(AO2) Tennis is highly structured / organised / has (codified) rules (1) (AO3) e.g. court size/how many times the ball can bounce / leagues and fixtures (1).

(AO2) Tennis is institutionalised / has a national governing body (1), (AO3) e.g. who decide on rule changes / regulates rules / organise competitions (1).

(AO2) Tennis has officials (1), (AO3) e.g. there is a line judge / umpire (1).

(AO2) Tennis you play for extrinsic rewards (1), (AO3) e.g. you can win prize money / trophies / titles (1).

(AO2) Tennis is competitive / serious (1), (AO3) e.g. the aim is to win games / sets (1).

(AO2) Tennis is skilful / involves tactics and strategies (1), (AO3) e.g. there are lots of different types of shots you can play (1).

Question 18

Explain two characteristics of nineteenth century lawn tennis. [4 marks]

Answer 18

*   Played regularly (1) because the players had more time to play (1)

*   Middle class development (1) due to involvement in creation of clubs/NGB (1)

*   Highly structured/skills/tactics (1) due to the rationalisation of tennis (1)

*   Equipment and facilities available to play (1) for example played in suburban gardens/manufacturing of equipment for purchase (1)

*   Social game (1) meant that both sexes could play together as it was considered a suitable activity for females (1)

Accept other relevant explanations of the characteristics of nineteenth century lawn tennis.

Question 19

Explain the impact of improved transport and communication on sport in the post-industrial society. [4 marks]

Answer 19

Transport (sub max 2 marks)

*   Improved transport meant that players could travel and so leagues could be established (1)

*   This then impacted the sport as it resulted in National Governing Bodies being developed to organise and regulate (1)

*   Sport also then attracted spectators as they could also travel to fixtures (1)

Communication (sub max 2 marks)

*   Improved communication meant that fixtures could be arranged with other teams (1)

*   Results could also be published in newspapers which increased popularity with spectators (1)

Accept other suitable explanations of the impact of improved transport and communication on sport in the post-industrial society.

Question 20

Compare the importance of improved transport and urbanisation on the development of association football from the mid-19th century onwards. [4 marks]

Answer 20

*   Both equally as important as they allowed football to be played more regularly (1).

*   Urbanisation can be seen to be important as the large numbers of people in one place provided a captive audience (1).

*   The lack of space meant that purpose built facilities had to be built to manage crowds / provide a focus (1).

*   Perhaps more important than transport as the majority of crowds were ’home’ supporters anyway (1).

*   Transport did however allow teams to travel so important as more and wider fixtures could be organised (1).

*   Football was able to develop as fans could also now travel to watch games (1).

*   Can be argued that transport was the most important as without it, new competitions could not have existed, eg FA Cup from 1871-2 season (1).

Accept any other relevant evaluative point around the importance of improved transport and urbanisation on the development of association football from the mid-19th century onwards.

Question 21

Evaluate the extent to which British rule over an ‘empire’ played in the spreading of sporting ideas throughout the world in the 19th century. [4 marks]

Answer 21

AO1 (sub-max 1 mark)

*   British public school boys and university old boys spread sporting values throughout the empire (1).

AO2 (sub-max 1 mark)

Sporting ideas were spread throughout the empire by:

*   teachers − development of teams / values (1)

*   clergy − developed church teams / became missionaries (1)

*   British army − armed services played sport in the empire (1)

*   diplomats − travelled the world and took ideas with them (1).

AO3 (sub-max 2 marks)

*   British Empire provided ‘worldwide opportunities’ / countries for British ideas to be taken to (1)

*   The varying stakeholders − teachers / clergy, etc spread concepts / games to each part of the empire (1).

*   The empire was literally worldwide and meant that sports like association football could be picked up by countries in all corners of the globe (1).

*   Continuing need to protect and secure the empire meant that the British army had to be present in all parts of the empire − thus sporting ideas spread as the army played stereotypical British sports (1).

Accept any other relevant evaluative point around the extent to which British rule over an empire played in the spreading of sporting ideas throughout the world in the 19th century.

Question 22

The Church encouraged the post-industrial game of football.

Analyse how they achieved this and their reasons for encouraging the development of football.

(Total 8 marks)

Answer 22

AO1 – Knowledge

Identified reasons for how and why the Church encouraged the post-industrial game of football-simple statement, eg [How] the Church gave its approval by creating Sunday school teams. The Church teams were organised by the clergy for parishioners to play, they also provided facilities to play, eg land. [Why] the Church encouraged the game because it was a form of rational recreation and because it was a better form of the sport than mob games. It promoted muscular Christianity.

AO2 – Application

Applied explanation for how and why the Church encouraged the post-industrial game of football, eg in order to attract more people to Church, the Church created and encouraged Sunday school football teams. They organised football matches to counter the vices that were reported in towns and cities. It gave an opportunity for the clergy to come into contact with the wider community.

AO3 – Analysis

Linked explanation of reasons for how and why the Church encouraged the post-industrial game of football, eg the Church encouraged the rational form of football because it had been given rules; by encouraging playing to the rules this would improve the morals of the working classes and act as a form of social control. Meaning that less time was spent drinking, promoting muscular Christianity amongst the working classes.

Credit other relevant points explaining how the church encouraged the post-industrial game of football and their reasons for encouraging the development.

Question 23

During the 19th century, many sports’ governing bodies were established.

Explain the factors that led to the emergence of national governing bodies, such as the Football Association, during the 19th century. [4 marks]

Answer 23

A ‘Old boys’/Blues/Public school boys – left schools/universities and wanted to continue playing their sports

B Middle classes – wanted control / moral force in society tended to form clubs and NGB

C Participation/clubs developed – needed an overriding organisation to organise competitions/control – administration structure / development of leagues / Cup competitions/ international competitions

D Need for rules/codification of rules – to establish nationally recognised set of rules/growth of rational recreation / code of practise/previously variation in rules

E Amateur and professional/eligibility – development of ‘professional’ codes led to increased number of NGB’s, e.g. Rugby Union-Rugby League

F Exclusion – e.g. working classes often excluded on amateur grounds /women often excluded/banned

Factors must be explained, not just stated

Accept appropriate alternative explanations for each factor

Focus of question is establishment of NGB not spread of rational recreation

Question 24

Elite sport has changed significantly since the 19th century.

Explain positive impact of amateur and professionals on 19th century and modern day sport.

(Total 8 marks)

Answer 24

(Amaturesim)
A Taking part in sport for the love of it / no monetary gain.

B Participation / process more important than winning.

C Encourages socially acceptable behaviour e.g. morals / abide by rules of sport / fairplay / sportsmanship.

D Discourages deviant behaviour e.g. cheating / match fixing etc.

E Because not tempted by extrinsic rewards.

F 19th century – amateur middle or upper class / amateurs revered the ‘all-rounder’.

G Today can still be financially supported e.g. sponsorship / SportsAid.

H Freedom from restrictions of professional contracts / not seen as a commodity / no contractual obligations.

I (Amateurism) inclusive / not always based on ability / less pressure / can perform at all levels / experience lots of sports / can perform at grass roots to elite level.

J ‘open’ championships – amateurs can still compete against professionals – just not win the money e.g. golf.

K Eligibility codes protect amateurs from competing against professionals.

L Olympic Games – biggest competition in the world maintained exclusive amateurism for over a century / still have the oath – keeping moral focus in the Games.

L Amateur sport can act as a platform for professional sport e.g. boxing, golf etc.

(Professionalism) – earning money from sport / broken time payments.

B 19th century sport became a business / amateur paid for professionals / upper class were patrons.

C 19th century from the working class.

D Train full time.

E So standards improve.

F As winning is critical / win ethic.

G Encourages spectator sport / better spectacle for spectators.

H 19th century occupied the masses / social control.

I Olympic Games – do now accept some professional performers e.g. basketball.

J Today all social classes can participate in either amateur or professional.

K Ethics / moral codes still evident in amateur and professional sports today.

L NGBs formed.

M Today injection of money / commercialisation – TV rights etc. allows NGBs to invest in grass roots / economic benefit to country / sport benefits / country benefits.

N Today amateur and professional codes blurred due to shared characteristics / difficult to distinguish between amateur and professional.

Question 25

Explain the impact of each of the following social and cultural factors on the development and spread of rational recreation during the 19th century: (6 marks)

• urbanisation
• public provision
• communications

Answer 25

Urbanisation

B Lack of space = popular recreation / mob games / old pastimes lost / new ones developed / rational recreation.

C Need for masses to be occupied / more free time and money = stadiums built for spectator sport / increase in spectators / town parks.

D Factories developed / churches = teams / more teams led to regular competition.

Public provision

E Government Acts / Municipal Reform Act 1837 / local authority provision = provision of parks and baths.

F Provision of parks and baths / public facilities = to improve health and hygiene of working classes.

G Middle class = approval and encouragement of certain sports / banned mob games / social control / morals or equiv.

Communications

H Media / newspapers / printing press / steam press = raised awareness of sport / role models.

I Railways / transport / canals = transported teams / spectators / regional – national – international / seaside / countryside / Romantic movement / spread around British Empire.

J Roads developing = helped activities such as cycling.

Marks can be awarded for explanation of impact liked to different factors

Question 26

To maximise the chance of success, funding is required to support the development of elite level performers.

Explain how the middle classes supported the developments in sport during the 19th century.
[3 marks]

Answer 26

Development of rules / rational recreation / codification via public schools / universities / NGB

No marks for listing what happened. Link must be made between ‘how’ and ‘impact’ to be awarded mark

Development of leagues / competitions via public schools / universities / clubs / NGB / factory teams / church teams / teams

Development of facilities / parks / public baths via philanthropists / factory owners / church / public schools / universities / government Acts

Controlled sport via administration / clubs / NGB / leadership roles

Development of morals / values / ethics via codes of amateurism / athleticism / muscular Christianity / Olympism / sportsmanship

Can be answered from either perspective

Provided more leisure time / Wednesday half day / Saturday half day / Bank Holiday allowed more spectators / time to participate / time to play

Commercial sport / professional sport via agents / promoters / broken time payments / paid

New sports via universities / manufacturing companies / Industrial Revolution / inventors

Amateurism / Gentleman Amateur due to having time / money to play for the love of it

Question 27

Sport has remained a major recreational activity in the UK since the 19th century. The majority of sports were rationalised in the 19th century.

(i) What is meant by the term rational recreation? [3 marks]

(ii) Why were the majority of sports rationalised in the 19th century? [3 marks]

Answer 27

i= Played regularly / often / fixtures / leagues / regionally / nationally-based.
Written / complex rules / codification.
Standards of behaviour / etiquette / civilised / fair play / sportsmanship.
Highly structured / set times / number of players / boundaries / officials / kit /
equipment.

Accept organised

Skill based / refined / complex / tactics developed.

Not just rules!

Spectators as well as participants.

(ii) Society becoming more civilised / better mannered / less violent / Acts of
Parliament banned activities – mob football.
Upper / middle classes controlled society / social control (of working classes).
Industrialisation – need for disciplined workforce / factory teams.
Era of social reform / philanthropists.
Role of church / Protestant work ethic / church teams / boys clubs.
Lack of space meant no room for popular recreations / urbanisation.
Administration needed as more clubs / national governing bodies / ‘melting pot’.
Transport and communication developed.

Question 28

The way sports are played and the structure of physical education lessons have changed over time.

The figure below shows a football match between England and Scotland in 1880. It is an example of ‘rational recreation’.

Using the figure above and your own knowledge, outline the characteristics of rational recreation. [4 marks]

Answer 28

Played regularly / free time / middle & upper classes / boys in school;
Complex, written rules / number of players / boundaries / time;
Highly structured / administrative / NGBs / levels of competition;
Teams are wearing kit / division of labour / positional roles / strategies / tactics;
Technological aspects such as ball / goal posts / equipment;
Skills based;
Moral values / etiquette / code of conduct;
Spectator development;
Officials;
Urban development.

Question 29

Early forms of modern sports were primarily developed by men for men. It is only since the start of the 20th century that women have become more actively involved in sport.

(i) How did 19th century public schools contribute to the technical development of ‘rational recreation’? [3 marks]

(ii) How did 19th century public schools and universities help to spread rational recreation into wider society? [3 marks]

Answer 29

Rules / numbers / boundaries / facilities;
Inter-house / intra-school competitions / matches;
Training / coaching;
Skills / tactics / positions;
Leadership / captain;
Kit / equipment;
Introduction of officials;
Division between players and spectators.

3

(ii) 3 marks for 3 of :

Universities as ‘melting pots’ / lots of different types / styles of game / new sports;
Codification / rules standardised;
Provided facilities;
Factory / church teams;
Officers to troops;
British Empire – over the world / missionaries / diplomats / military / clerics;
Old boys network;
Clubs / NGBs formed;
Teachers to schools;
Competitions / fixtures / leagues / internationals.

3

Question 30

Whichoneof the following terms best describes a professional performer?

A= One who believes ‘the end justifies the means’

B= One who participates in sport ‘for the love of it’

C= One who receives direct payment for their participation in sporting activities

D= One who receives no payment for competing in sport

(Total 1 mark)

Answer 30

C

Question 31

What is meant by the term Muscular Christianity? Also, can you name a professional football team that started as a Church Sunday team?

Answer 31

Muscular Christianity is a philosophical movement that developed discipline, patriotism, self sacrifice and masculinity.

Tottenham Hotspur, Manchester city or Aston Villa

Question 32

Describe how attitudes towards female participation in sport changed during the late 19th century {2 marks]

Answer 32

It became more socially acceptable for women to take part in sports that were not to physically demanding like Lawn Tennis. However, females were still expected to be “ladylike” and wore dresses as they played.

Question 33

The industrial and post-industrial period (1780–1900) saw an increase in the spread
of rationalised sport throughout Britain.
Analyse the impact of the following factors on the spread of Association Football in
Britain:
* the church
* local authorities
* transport
* communication.
[15 marks]

Answer 33

AO1 Knowledge of the role of the church, local authorities, transport, and communication
* The church was highly influential in people’s lives during this period/provided education/philanthropy.
* Local authorities introduced public services and facilities.
* Development of transport saw the introduction of a railway network to allow access to different parts of
the country.
* Improvements in communication were in the form of the printing press/newspapers.

AO2 Application of the role of the church, local authorities, transport and communication to the
spread of Association Football
* The church set up football teams/Sunday school teams such as Bolton, Aston Villa.
* The church also provided facilities, such as pitches for football.
* Local authorities provided parks where football could be played/public baths for hygiene.
* Railways allowed football fixtures to be played in further afield/over greater distances/structured
competitions eg FA cup.
* Newspapers allowed for fixtures and results to be published.

AO3 Analysis of the impact of the church, local authorities, transport, and communication to the
spread of Association Football
* The church saw the worth in football as a way of developing Muscular Christianity/healthy body,
healthy mind/social control and encouraged parishioners to engage in football to avoid being tempted
into evils such as drinking and gambling.
* Church teams entered leagues and competitions ensuring regular play and contributing to increasing
the standard of play/increased popularity of football.
* Local authority provision of parks ensured that everyone had access to facilities so football could be
played recreationally.
* Local authorities’ provision of public baths improved hygiene which meant that working class men had
better health and therefore more energy to engage in football more regularly.
* Railways led to the establishment of a national league/fixtures between home nations, which meant
that the game was spread across the UK and standards of play increased.
* Railways also ensured that spectators could travel to watch matches, paying gate receipts leading the
start of commercialised football.
* Newspapers saw a rise in the popularity of the sport as role models inspired participation and
spectators became more knowledgeable about football.
* Improved communication meant people could follow a team, increasing spectators, leading to
commercialisation and professionalism.
* Improved transport and communication helped people spread the codified rules of association football
so teams played by the same rules.

Accept other appropriate analysis of the role of the church, local authorities, transport, and
communication to the spread of Association Football.
Maximum 15 marks