Industrial Flashcards
Name 5 deadly diseases that were a problem in the industrial period.
- Cholera: Spread through the contaminated water
- Diphtheria: Spread through coughing + sneezing
- Typhoid: Spread through contaminated water
- Smallpox: Spread through coughs, sneezes and face to face contact
- TB: Affected the malnourished, people in dirty and damp homes, spread through contact with infected people
What were some of the main problems of living in the city?
- Children played in dirt, careless about the smell
- Barely anyone wore shoes which was unhygienic
- The city was crowded which meant close contact occurred frequently
- As people died, coffins were carried out into the streets
- People died young
- There was poverty, so much that people went through waste in hope of finding something valuable
- Children were forced to work
- People were extremely malnourished
- Waste was thrown carelessly out of windows onto the streets
Who was Edward Jenner and what did he discover?
A rural doctor, trained in methods of scientific experimentation. He discovered a vaccination for smallpox, which happened to be the first vaccination created in history.
How was Jenner’s vaccination for smallpox developed?
1) Took pus from sores of a cowpox sufferer
2) Rubbed pus into cuts of a young boy
3) Treated the boy for cowpox
4) 6 weeks later, attempted to infect him with smallpox, but the boy didn’t catch it
5) Repeated experiment 23 times, each with the same outcome
What problems did Jenner face while trying to promote him vaccination?
- The Royal Society refused to publish his work, so he raised money and did it himself
- He couldn’t explain how his method worked, which made people suspicious
- Doctors who made lots of money from inoculations were not keen to provide free vaccinations on government grants
- Vaccination was not always successful because doctors carelessly used infected needles and mixed up cowpox and smallpox samples
What support did Jenner recurve when promoting his vaccination?
- British government were supportive
- Napoleon had his whole army vaccinated in 1805
- American President Thomas Jefferson championed his ideas
- Jenner’s book was translated into Arabic and Turkish, and sold across Asia
What happened in 1872?
The British government started enforcing the compulsory medicine which led to a massive drop in cases. By 1980, the disease had been eradicated worldwide.
What was the ‘spontaneous generation’?
People believed that life came from decay. For example: If meat was left to rot, flies and maggots would not be attracted to the meat, but they would form as a result of the rotting process. This was proven wrong by Pasteur in 1862.
Who was Florence Nightingale and what did she do?
- She was a nurse who completely changed the standards of hospitals, and dropped death rates in army hospitals by 50%
- In 1954, she worked as a nurse on the battlefields of the Crimea, she was so disgusted in what she saw that she used her own money to improve the conditions
- When she returned to London, she gave a report to the government about what needed to be changed in hospitals
- She opened the first nursing school in Britain in 1861
- She wrote over 200 popular books on nursing
- She made nursing increasingly professional, which meant it was valued more highly in hospitals
Who was Elizabeth Garrett Anderson and what did she do?
- She was very determined to be a doctor and went to outrageous extents to get her medical degree.
- Her journey turned her into one the most inspirational women in medical history.
- She set up her own medical practice in 1865
- She helped set up a school of medicine for women in London in 1874
- She made the government pass a law stating women must be allowed admission to medical professions
How did Elizabeth Garrett Anderson get to where she wanted to be?
1) Worked as a nurse and attended lectures until women were banned from universities
2) Trained privately as a doctor and passed all medical exams
3) Was turned down by all 3 colleges of physicians, surgeons, and apothecaries
4) Her father took the college of apothecaries to court where they were forced to register her
5) She still wanted a medical degree so she learned French and gained a qualification from the university of Paris
What was the role of women in the years 1350 to 1850?
- Local healers: Treated the sick at home
- Nuns: Nursed terminally ill patients in hospitals until the influence of the church declined
- Wealthy ladies: Provided medical care for people on their family’s land
- Wise women: Provided herbal remedies and device on curing infections and illnesses
- Midwives: Attended births until 1700s when it became fashionable to have a male doctor
What new technology was invented in the Industrial period?
- Stethoscope in 1816, then a modern version in 1860
- Microscopes became more powerful in 1930 by Joseph Lister (magnified 100x)
- Clinical thermometer in 1866
- First device to measure blood pressure in 1881
New inventions made it easier to diagnose patients
How much of an impact did the Germ Theory have?
A lot, Germ Theory answered the questions of countless surgeons and chemists. This hard evidence was enough for others to pick up where Pasteur had left off and fuelled Koch’s study of bacteria. Scientists had isolated the microbes for 6 deadly diseases by the end of the 19th Century.
How did Pasteur discover Germs?
In 1850, wine producers asked him to find out why their alcohol went sour.
- Using a new microscope, he saw micro-organisms making it go sour
- Found that if any liquid was heated, these germs were killed (Pasteurisation)
- Went on to prove that these germs caused diseases in animals and humans.
- Published Germ Theory in 1861, but didn’t take it any further, instead, left it to other doctors to pick up where he left off
