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indus river Flashcards

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1
Q

South Asia includes the modern nations of…

A

India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Bhutan.

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2
Q

explain the geography of India

A

geographically isolated giant triangle within the larger continent of Asia.

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3
Q

Water boundaries of India

A

-Arabian sea on the west coast
- Bay of Bengal on the east coast
- Indian ocean extends out on two sides

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4
Q

Mountain Boundaries in India

A

The Hindu Kush is to the northwest

  • The Himalayas (the highest mountains in the world) are to the northeast.
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5
Q

What was the Khyber Pass?

A

A pass through the Hindu Kush that invaders used

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6
Q

What where the 2 great rivers in India?

A
  1. Indus River: flows down through the Hindu Kush and drains into the Arabian Sea
  2. Ganges River: flows around the Himalayas and spills into Bay of Bengal.
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7
Q

What were the northeast “winter” monsoons?

A

originate from the Himalayas
blow from November to March.
brings cool, dry air to the subcontinent.

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8
Q

What were the southwest “summer” monsoons?

A

originates from Indian Ocean
winds with moisture
causing rain to reach northeast India. excessive rain brings flooding that enriches the soil

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9
Q

Consequences of Monsoons:

A

Too much : drown villages and damage crop output
Too little: leaves villages with poor crop output and hunger and starvation

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10
Q

what are plains?

A

areas of level land, usually at low elevation.

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11
Q

what are plateaus?

A

a flat area of land at a high elevation

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12
Q

what where the Hindustan plains?

A

-where India’s earliest civilizations arose
-watered by the Indus River and its 5 tributaries (known as the “Punjab”).

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13
Q

what are tributaries?

A

smaller rivers that branch off a larger river.

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14
Q

What does “Punjab” mean?

A

“Land of the Five Rivers.”

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15
Q

What was The Deccan plateau and why did people settle there?

A

-Deccan means “the South.”
- rich in minerals; iron ore, diamonds, and gold.
*ppl settled there bc of minerals found there

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16
Q

What allowed the Indus Valley Civilization to settle?

A

farming

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17
Q

Of the 150 cities to remain from the Indus Valley civilization, which 2 are the most famous?

A

Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa bc they were 400 mi apart but looked the same

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18
Q

What are the 10 important similarities between the two cities?

A

(#1) buildings w exact same dimensions

(#2) grid patterns w right-angled streets and alleyways that led to homes.

(#3)indoor plumbing (FIRST IN THE WORLD) complex drainage that led
to city sewer.
*know plumbing was first in world here

(#4) both had citadels
- citadel: buildings where political elites met

(#5) granaries: served each city during times of famine.

(#6) flood protection: built upon 40-foot-high artificial mounds to protect from overflow of nearby rivers in Spring

(#7) standard system of weights and measures (16 rather than 10 was the base)

(#8) public bathing areas
- baths served a religious purpose for cleansing

(#9) uniform system of writing: 400 pictographic signs that aren’t fully deciphered.

(#10) archaeological evidence oftrade contacts with Mesopotamia(which was over 1,500 miles to the west of this area).

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19
Q

what were primary crops

A

wheat and barley

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20
Q

secondary crops

A

cotton, rice, rye, and peas.

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21
Q

What animals were used for food sources?

A

cattle, pigs, camels, horses, donkeys, and elephants

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22
Q

what evidence was there that they fished?

A

hooks lines and nets were found

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23
Q

what were the chief metals?

A

copper, bronze used for tools

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24
Q

What did scarcity of weapons uncover imply?

A

warfare was uncommon in the region

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25
Q

What religion did they serve in the indus civ?

A

hinduism

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26
Q

what examples are there that they served Hinduism?

A

figurines found in Indus valley, scholars concluded that the Harappan people worshipped a “female fertility deity,” a common practice among many Hindus even today

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27
Q

What are the 3 key concepts of Hinduism?

A

(a) reincarnation, (b) law of karma
(c) idea that salvation is freedom from cycle of repeated birth and death.

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28
Q

What is uniqe about Hinduism?

A

no known founder or date of orign

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29
Q

5 layers of the caste system

A

(#1) Brahmins (priests and scholars)
- means “supreme deity” in Hindu.
- could go anywhere

(#2) Kshatriyas (warriors and ruling elite)
-only ones Brahmins would talk to

(#3) Vaishyas (artisans, merchants, etc..)
- derived from word meaning “to live.”
- were often wealthy and educated.

(#4) Shudras (farmers & laborers)
- performed tasks of manual labor

(#5) Dalit (“untouchables”)
- not considered human
any food they touched was considered dirty and thrown out or given to dogs or cows
- only allowed to associate with Shudras; always last to eat
- must carry two sticks to hit together to announce arrival so that others could clear away to avoid contact/contamination.

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30
Q

What is the current state of the caste system in India? What laws were put in place?

A

IMPORTANT
recent laws enacted against caste discrimination in Indian Constitution:
- Article 15 enacted in 1950, prohibits any discrimination based on caste.
- Article 17 declared any practice of untouchability as illegal

31
Q

what very recent events illustrated great progress?

A

IMPORTANT!!!
Dalits elected to high positions:
- In 1997, India democratically elected Kocheril Narayanan, a Dalit, as the nation’s President.
- In 2009. Indian parliament elected Meira Kumar as a leading speaker of the parliament. She is first female to hold this role and she is from Dalit community.

32
Q

In what areas does caste discrimination exist?

A

housing and marriage

33
Q

What is the first explanation for the decline of the Indus Valley Civ.?

A

Explanation #1: “natural disaster”
(i) volcanoes: huge mud volcanoes erupted at mouth of Indus River, leaving it unable to drain out to sea.
- flooding possibly drowned out the farmland and the occupants.

(ii) earthquakes: some historians also suggest demise via flooding, but with earthquakes rather than volcanoes causing the flooding.

34
Q

What is the second explanation for the decline for the Indus Valley Civ.?

A

Explanation #2: Invaders attacked
- archaeological support: the remains at Mohenjo-daro show large groups of skeletons huddled together in dwellings and on the streets of the city. (this could also have suported the natural disaster theory)

35
Q

What does Steppe mean?

A

Grassland

36
Q

The Mongols prided themselves in their skill on…

A

horseback

37
Q

significance of the steppe

A
  1. Served as a land trade route connecting east and west
  2. Was home to nomadic Mongols who stole and conquered their neighbors
38
Q

the mongols were pastoralists meaning…

A

they herded domesticated animals

39
Q

they didnt wander they…

A

fallwed seaasonal patterns

40
Q

What were the groups they traveled in called?

A

clans

41
Q

What was the temperature like?

A

it changed dramatically

42
Q

Relationship between Steppe Nomads and Settled Societies?

A

-Often peaceful trade
-Nomads sometimes tempted by rich society
-settled ppl were in constant fear of raids
-nomads sometimes conquered whole civilizations (ex. China)

43
Q

who was Genghis Khan and what did he do?

A

-Named Temujin
-Unified Mongols
-Led Mongols to conquer Asia
-very violent and killed 40 million ppl
-very organized
-Organized armies into groups of 10,000
-Had good tactics and tricks when conquering

44
Q

What does Genghis Khan mean?

A

universal ruler

45
Q

how did he use cruelty

A

as a weapon

46
Q

how did he die

A

illness

47
Q

ending accomplishment of Genghis khan

A

Bc of him in under 50 yrs conquered china to Poland and created the largest unified land in history

48
Q

How many horses did 1 rider have at a time?

A

up to 3

49
Q

The riders could stay in the sattle for up to how many days?

A

10

50
Q

They could cover up to how many miles a day?

A

120

51
Q

If food and drinks was low what did the mongols do?

A

drank blood of horses

52
Q

Why was the stirrup so important?

A

enabled warriors to move around on the horses

53
Q

Why did they wear silk underwear?

A

bc arrows couldn’t pierce it

54
Q

After Ghengis Khan died who took over?

A

son and grandchildren

55
Q

In 1250 they turned there attention to the country of…

A

persia

56
Q

Mongols divided empire into 4 regions called…

A

khanates

57
Q

Where was the Khanate of great khan?

A

mongolia and china

58
Q

Where was Khanate of Chagatai?

A

central asia

59
Q

Where was the Ilkhanate?

A

persia

60
Q

Where was Khanate of the Golden Horde?

A

russia

61
Q

did villages recover from being invaded

A

mostly not (bc the mongols ruined their irrigation system)

62
Q

how did mongols act when ppl surrendered

A

-very peaceful
-Didnt impose religion
-Sometimes adopted culture of places
(Ilkhanate and Khanate of the Golden Horde became muslim)

63
Q

What was the Pax Mongolica?

A

“Mongol Peace”
-From 1200-1300 the mongols had peace in Eurasia
-Guaranteed peace for traders and travelers

64
Q

what were yurts

A

tents they traveled in pulled by oxen

65
Q

What was Women’s responsibility in the camp?

A

-needs on the camp
-some fought as warriors

66
Q

What Chinese invention reached Europe in this time?

A

gunpowder

67
Q

what plague spread

A

The bubonic plague

68
Q

Why did ppl tend to move toward the west and the south?

A

bc more plentiful rainfall and climate

69
Q

What were the mongols’ clothes made of?

A

skins and wool

70
Q

What did the Mongols exchange horses for?

A

grain metal cloth and tea

71
Q

what was the term that Gandhi (non-violent 20th-century leader of Indian nationalism) later used for Dalit, saying it was wrong to call anyone “untouchable”?

A

“harijans”

72
Q

What was the base number for weights and mesures?

A

16

73
Q

What happened to Ghengis Khans dad?

A

he was poisened

history (3 decks)

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