indus Flashcards
mainly used in food processing,
chemical transformations, therapeutics and
molecular biology techniques.
Enzymes
- The production of organic
acid (citric acid, lactic acid) through
microbial fermentations using less expensive
raw material is also one of the major
achievements of industrial microbiology.
Organic acids
secondary metabolites of
microbes which are extensively used for
control of diseases caused by
microorganism
- Antibiotics
- produced by microbial
fermentations are widely used in
pharmaceutical formulation.
- Vitamins
microbial cells are rich
in protein and can be easily grown on
cheaper substrates and have application as
food and feed additives.
Single-cell proteins
product of fermentation may be
a metabolite or biomass.
are the intermediates and products of metabolism.
Metabolites
a form of anaerobic respiration used primarily by yeasts when oxygen is not
present in sufficient quantity for normal cellular respiration.
Ethanol Fermentation
the breakdown and re-assembly of biochemicals for industry, often in
aerobic growth conditions.
Industrial Fermentation
- Chemical compounds formed during the growth phase of the microorganism.
- Necessary/required for the growth of the microorganism.
Primary metabolites
- Chemical compounds formed near the end of growth phase, frequently at, or near in
the stationary phase of growth. - Not necessary for the growth of the microorganism
Secondary metabolites
- In lactic acid fermentation, calcium carbonate is added to maintain the pH between
5.5-6.5
- Overproduction of secondary metabolites is regulated by the s
structural genes
Used for modification of biochemical pathways which ultimately overproduce a
particular metabolite and better utilization of media components.
Recombinant DNA Technology
are organisms whose genetic material (DNA) has been modified in a way at
does not occur naturally, i.e. through the introduction of a gene from a different
organism.
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
An insect native to Europe that infects corn
and other important crops such as apples
and cotton.
Corn borer
Bt corn bt is
Bacillus thuringiensi
Bacillus thuringiensi has
- Produces crystals protein (cry proteins), which are toxic to many species of insect
a DNA molecule found in the plant pathogen Agrobacterium that can be used to transfer genes into plant cells:
Ti plasmid, or tumor-inducing plasmid,
in 1894, first time started the industrial production of digestive
enzyme (amylases) preparation by wheat bran koji culture of Aspergillus oryzae for
treating digestive disorders
- Jhokichi Takamine
- Starch hydrolyzing enzymes a,and are mainly used in the
production of sweeteners for the food industryHigher plants store carbohydrates in the form of starch (granules) which is
composed of 20-30% amylose and 70-80% amylopectin. - In order to utilize the sugar monomers in these complex carbohydrate molecule, the
chemical structure must first be broken down using amylase enzymes.
Amylase
are the enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds of the
proteins. find their application in detergents, leather, food, pharmaceutical
industries and bioremediation processe
Proteases
- responsible for the maintenance of the amino acid pool
inside the cell by degrading the unwanted proteins
- Intracellular proteases -
hydrolyze proteins outside the cells into peptides and
amino acid required by the cells for their growth.
- Extracellular protease
hydrolyze the protein from C- or N-terminus
releasing single amino acid.
Exopeptidases (peptidases) -
hydrolyzes the peptide bond in the middle of
the amino acid chain.
Endopeptidases (proteinases)
These proteases have serine at the active site, and are not inhibited by EDTA
(ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), but are inhibited by DFP (diisopropyl
flurophosphate These proteases are stable at high temperature, active in alkaline
pH (9-11) and stable in presence of chelating and perborates, which is an important
characteristic of these enzyme for use in detergents.
Industrial Enzymes: Alkaline Protease
proteases are obtained from plants (cysteine proteases
Neutral Protease
s the most abundant organic macromolecule on earth and mainly
constitutes the cell wall of plant cells.
Cellulase
was discovered and isolated in 1780 by the
Swedish chemist Scheele from sour milk and the first organic acid produced
microbiologically in 1881 by Charles E. Avery at Littleton, Massachusetts, USA.
* It is classified as GRAS (generally regarded as safe) by Food and Drug Authority
(FDA) in the USA and its annual consumption is estimated to be 30,000 ton
Lactic Acid
LAB produce many by-products other than lactic acid and
are not suitable for commercial processes.
Heterofermentative
type of lactid acid LAB produces lactic acid as main metabolite. very little
substrate is used for producing cell mass and other metabolites and majority of the
carbon source is converted to lactic acid, and here the percent conversion of sugars
to lactic acid is virtually equivalent to the theoretical yield of two moles of lactic acid
per mole of hexose sugar utilized
Homofermentative –
are secondary metabolites produced by one organism which inhibits the
growth of other organism even at a very small concentration.
Antibiotics
Using whole living cells or components of
them to manufacture desired products
Bioprocessing technology
technique of removing, modifying or adding
genes to a DNA molecule to change the
information it contains
Genetic engineering
direct manipulation of an organism’s genes using biotechnology
Genetic Engineering:
field of study that involves redesigning organisms for useful purposes by
engineering them to have new abilities
Synthetic biology
part can be a promoter (‘on/off switch’), functional protein, terminator (‘stop
signal’) and more
Biobrick
– or “Biotransformations” – relates to use
of biological catalysts to produce specific desired products
Metabolic engineering
also found in humans therefore homologous
* Codes for a protein hormone called leptin; if missing leads to
obesity
* Found that treating obese children defected in this gene with
leptin decreases their weight
- Rat gene, ob
- single-stranded oligonucleotides are permitted
to interact so that complexes, or hybrids, are formed by
molecules with sufficiently similar, complementary sequences
❖Hybridization
the nucleotide sequence the oligonucleotide is designed to
hybridize with
Target -
he nucleic acid that carries a marker for detection
Probe -
One of the most common forms of genetic variation
* Estimated that one SNP occurs approximately every
1,000-3,000 bp in the human genome
- Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)
A chip containing thousands
of pieces of single stranded
DNA molecules
Microarray
individualized medicine based
on a person’s genetic information
Pharmacogenomics
genes that produce proteins that may function
as transcription factors and receptors for hormones and
growth factors, as well as serve as enzymes involved in a
wide variety of ways to change growth properties of cells
that cause cancer
- Oncogenes
regulate oncogenes
- Tumor Suppressor Genes
area of science
involved in designing, building,
and manipulating structures at the
nanometer (nm) scale
Nanotechnology
stimulate immune
response
Vaccine
– treating disease by inserting
functional genes to replace defective ones
Gene thereapy
replacement of tissues
and organs by growing them in culture
Tissue Engineering
Xenotransplantation
transfer between species
(pig to human)
The construction of a biological structure
by computer-aided, automatic, layer-by-layer
depositing of bioink onto biopaper.
Bioprinting -
liquid fuels and blending
components produced from renewable
biomass feedstocks used as alternative or
supplemental fuels (for internal
combustion engines)
BioFuel
any fuel whose energy is obtained
through a process of biological carbon fixation
Biofuel
A chemistry process that converts carbon dioxide into a
hydrocarbon molecule (a source of energy) that would be found in
a living organism
Carbon Fixation
biofuels are also called conventional biofuels. They are made
from things like sugar, starch, or vegetable oil. Note that these are all food
products. Any biofuel made from a feedstock that can also be consumed as a
human food is considered a first generation biofuel.
1st genration
are produced from sustainable feedstock. The sustainability
of a feedstock is defined by its availability, its impact on greenhouse gas emissions, its
impact on land use, and by its potential to threaten the food supply.
* To qualify as a second generation, a feedstock must not be suitable for human
consumption and
2nd generation
