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Ecosystems > Indonesian rainforest & coral reef (Borneo) 3 > Flashcards

Indonesian rainforest & coral reef (Borneo) 3 Flashcards

1
Q

How human activities can impact an environment & how physical environments may be increasing/ decreasing with development.

How has the WB had a positive impact on the Indonesian rainforest & coral reef (Borneo)?

Good catch up read

http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/borneo_forests/borneo_deforestation/

A
  • World Bank provides funds for managing NPs (e.g. for Sumatran rhino, tiger and Asian elephant)
  • Ban on the export of raw logs by the World Bank
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2
Q

How human activities can impact an environment

How has the goverment had a positive impact on the Indonesian rainforest & coral reef (Borneo)?

A
  • 50 national parks in Indonesia conserve 20% of rainforest (e.g. Komodo National Park)
  • National parks are spatially zoned (with designated activities) (village and tourist enclaves, wilderness and sanctuary zones for research)
  • 1900’s rubber tree plantations preserved some life.
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3
Q

How human activities can impact an environment

How has the effects of exploitation been minimised in the Indonesian rainforest & coral reef (Borneo)?

A
  • Open-cast pits filled in after use and replanted with fast-growing trees
  • Cyanide fishing is banned
  • Logging has preserved some high-value and high-demand trees (e.g. mahogany and teak). Plantations conserve biodiversity
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4
Q

How human activities can impact an environment

How have particular animals been conserved in the Indonesian rainforest & coral reef (Borneo)?

A
  • WWF organised projects to conserve the Sumatran tiger, elephant, rhino and Borneo orang-utan
  • Ecotourism – locals pay to see orang-utans which directly conserves the rainforest
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5
Q

How human activities can impact an environment

How has the coral reef been damaged by humans in the Indonesian rainforest & coral reef (Borneo)?

A
  • Sediment from logging and urban development has increased turbidity à prevents algae from photosynthesising (symbiotic relationship with coral)
  • Coral removed for building, liming and ornamental purposes
  • Sewage and agricultural run-off à eutrophication
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6
Q

How human activities can impact an environment

How have the rainforest been deforested damaged by humans in the Indonesian rainforest & coral reef (Borneo)?

A
  • Oil palm plantations increased from 400,000 hectares in 1980 to 3,000,000 hectares in 2000 (threatened Sumatran elephant, tiger and orang-utan)
  • Illegal logging
  • Cocoa and pepper plantations
  • Mining, oil and gas exploitation (large-scale, open-cast mines (e.g. Grasberg in Irian Jaya)
  • Cleared for settlement, agriculture and fuel wood (population of 250 million growing at an annual rate of 1.1%
  • Logging has reduced rainforest cover to 49% in 2005 from 82% in the 1960s
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7
Q

How human activities can impact an environment?

How has the rainsforest management cause negatve enviromental impacts on the Indonesian rainforest?

A
  • Replacement of original tree species with pine and eucalyptus = reduced diversity of the original ecosystem
  • Shifting cultivation (soil fertility maintained by alternating periods of cropping with periods of fallow) has been extended to increase the growth period à exhausted soil
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8
Q

How human activities can impact an environment?

How has the rainsforest management cause negatve enviromental impacts on the Indonesian rainforest?

A
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9
Q

How physical environments may be increasing with development.

What economic development may be causing the physical environment to increase in the Indonesian rainforest & coral reef (Borneo)

A
  • 1900s rubber plantations preserved the rainforest
  • Logging has preserved some high-value and high-demand trees (e.g. mahogany and teak). Plantations conserve biodiversity
  • Ecotourism – locals pay to see orang-utans which directly conserves the rainforest
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10
Q

How physical environments may be decreasing with development.

What economic development may be causing the physical environment to decrease in the Indonesian rainforest & coral reef (Borneo)

A
  • Oil palm plantations increased from 400,000 hectares in 1980 to 3,000,000 hectares in 2000 (threatened Sumatran elephant, tiger and orang-utan)
  • Cocoa and pepper plantations
  • Logging will result in the ecosystem diminishing in an est 10 years
  • Highway construction
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11
Q

How physical environments may be increasing with development.

What social development may be causing the physical environment to increase in the Indonesian rainforest & coral reef (Borneo)?

A
  • Ban on the export of raw logs by the World Bank
  • WWF organised projects to conserve the Sumatran tiger, elephant, rhino and Borneo orang-utan
  • 50 national parks in Indonesia conserve 20% of rainforest (e.g. Komodo National Park)
  • National parks are spatially zoned (designated activities) (village and tourist enclaves, wilderness and sanctuary zones for research)
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12
Q

How physical environments may be decreasing with development.

What social development may be causing the physical environment to decrease in the Indonesian rainforest & coral reef (Borneo)?

Resource exploitation.

A
  • Illegal logging
  • Cleared for settlement, agriculture and fuel wood (population of 250 million growing at an annual rate of 1.1%
  • Sediment from logging and urban development has increased turbidity à prevents algae from photosynthesising (symbiotic relationship with coral)
  • Coral removed for building, liming and ornamental purposes
  • Slash and Burn farming
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13
Q

How physical environments may be decreasing with development.

What social development may be causing the physical environment to decrease in the Indonesian rainforest & coral reef (Borneo)?

Damage not directly cause by resource exploitation.

A
  • Shifting cultivation (soil fertility maintained by alternating periods of cropping with periods of fallow) has been extended to increase the growth period → exhausted soil
  • Sewage and agricultural run-off a → eutrophication
  • Corruption of the Government (weak) meaning conservation is often abrogated
  • Resettlement programme (moving people from urban areas [Bali] to uninhabited regions [Kalimantan] → further deforestation
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14
Q

How physical environments may be decreasing with development.

What technological development may be causing the physical environment to increase in the Indonesian rainforest & coral reef (Borneo)?

A
  • Open-cast pits filled in after use and replanted with fast-growing trees
  • Cyanide fishing is banned
  • World Bank provides funds for managing NPs (e.g. for Sumatran rhino, tiger and Asian elephant)
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15
Q

How physical environments may be decreasing with development.

What technological development may be causing the physical environment to increase in the Indonesian rainforest & coral reef (Borneo)?

A
  • Replacement of original tree species with pine and eucalyptus = reduced diversity of the original ecosystem
  • Mining, oil and gas exploitation (large-scale, open-cast mines (e.g. Kalimantan iron ore mine)
  • Mercury and cyanide (used in gold mining) has contaminated rivers, killing fish and polluting the benthos. Bunaken National Marine Park threatened by gold mine proposal (400 species of coral, thousands of fish [pygmy seahorses])
  • Cyanide poisoning of fish in coral reefs (stun and capture fish)
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16
Q

How human activities can impact an environment.

What human activities may be having a positive impact on the British deciduous woodland?

What organisations are causing a positive impact on BDW?

A
  • National forestry policy presumes against the clearance of deciduous woodlands
  • Woodland Trust
  • Felling licenses (Forestry Commission)
17
Q

How human activities can impact an environment.

What human activities may be having a positive impact on the British deciduous woodland?

What schemes persuade humans to have a positive impact on BDW?

A
  • SSSI designation and preventing orders on individual rare trees. Nature Reserves (National and Local)
  • Grants to create new and maintain existing woodland (Single Farm Payment Scheme = 28000 ha of new woodland from 2001 to 2005). 12 new community forests developed near urban areas since 1990s (e.g. Thames Chase)
18
Q

How human activities can impact an environment.

What human activities may be having a positive impact on the British deciduous woodland?

What human activities have a positive impact on BDW?

A
  • Regulations, visit coders and zoning to manage recreational pressure
  • Coppicing and pollarding – stimulates ground cover & prevents animal grazing of foliage
  • Wood grazing (cattle, sheep and pigs beneath trees) to stimulate new growth and increase species diversity
  • Creating glades (allow light to reach woodland edge)
19
Q

How human activities can impact an environment.

What human activities may be having a negative impact on the British deciduous woodland?

How do humans decrease the space availible for BDW?

A
  • Plantations – conifers which have acidified soil, altering species composition
  • Agriculture – intensification = loss of ancient and ancient semi-natural woodland. Led to islandisation in which small land fragments cannot support viable populations. Field drainage & nutrients have altered species composition
  • Transport (M25 and M11)
  • Building pressure (south) - airport and quarry expansions
20
Q

How human activities can impact an environment.

What human activities may be having a negative impact on the British deciduous woodland?

How have humans caused indirect degradtion of BDW habitat?

A
  • Invasive species from surrounding gardens – sycamore from central Europe
  • Disease – Dutch elm disease from North America & Sudden Oak Death from California
21
Q

How human activities can impact an environment.

What human activities may be having a negative impact on the British deciduous woodland?

How have humans caused a direct degradtion of BDW habitat?

A
  • Recreation – accessible from London and used for walking, horse-riding and mountain biking. High volumes of traffic on road = noise and air pollution, disturbance to wildlife
  • Pressure for car parking spaces
  • Lack of management until recently
  • Vandalism (fires)
  • Pollution – litter (fly-tipping at night), acid rain (car exhausts reduced lichen species from 150 to 30). Leaching of ions & less active decomposers
22
Q

How physical environments may be increasing/ decreasing with development.

Compare the habitat of the rainsforest and coral reef in Borneo to the development of the country.

A

LEDCs increasing since 1960s, but rainforest decreased 40% between 1960s and 2005 à sustainable management of tribes

23
Q

How physical environments may be increasing/ decreasing with development.

Compare the habitat of the BDW to the development of the country.

A

MEDCs decreasing since 1960s (but forest area increased by 3% & is now 12%) à recent threats

24
Q

Summerise the reasons for the rainforest and coral reef habitats of an LEDC being degraded.

A
  • Increased foreign earnings from felling (timber = major export)
  • Oil palm plantations increased eight-fold in the last 20 years
  • Increased clearance for mining and oil exploitation
  • Pollution – mining (mercury and cyanide from gold)
  • Rising population (1% a year) à more land for crops
  • Settlement sprawl and infrastructure development (roads)
  • Wood used for fuel (no cheaper alternatives)
  • Illegal/ unplanned forest burning for land clearance
25
Q

Summerise the reasons for the BDW habitat of an MEDC being conserved.

A
  • A way to develop rural areas (EU grants)
  • Trees planted to regenerate waste areas (coal tips)
  • Increased use for recreation (new National Forest in Midlands)
  • Conservation – SSSIs and NRs
  • Forestry Commissions – manage forests and create jobs
  • Source of renewable energy & carbon sequestration
  • For increasing beauty in landscapes
  • Community Forest Scheme
  • Tax incentives and grants for private planting
26
Q

How is time a factor of how an ecosystem is affected by human interference.

A
  • Level of development
  • Short vs long term
  • Technological changes
  • Advancement in knowledge and understanding
  • Changes in number and type of population
  • Changes in cultural attitudes and priorities
27
Q

How is location a factor of how an ecosystem is affected by human interference.

A
  • Development differs
  • Technology differs
  • Population differs (number and type)
  • Incomes and wealth (GDP) differs
  • Cultural differences
  • Political attitudes
  • Highlands vs lowlands
  • Coastal vs inland
  • Core vs periphery
28
Q

How is economic development a factor of how an ecosystem is affected by human interference.

A
  • Environments initially exploited for economic take-off (Rostow). Industrialisation then damages through population, sprawl, etc. High mass consumption but also income for sustainable management
29
Q

How is social development – dependent on public attitude a factor of how an ecosystem is affected by human interference.

A
  • Initially population growth is rapid as death rates fall = pressure on the environment (birth rate decreases = less pressure
30
Q

How is technological development a factor of how an ecosystem is affected by human interference.

A
  • Initially technology is in balance with the environment
  • Technological development = greater capacity to exploit on a larger scale (e.g. mechanisation of farming)
  • Eventually can be used to protect and restore the environment (Boserup argument – agricultural intensification to start but eventually the technology will develop)

Ecosystems (6 decks)

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