Individuals

Question 1

The god Asclepius

Answer 1

·1 Greek god of healing
·2 He had two daughters, Panacea and Hygeia who assisted him with healing
·3 He was worshiped at special temples called Acsclepions

Question 2

Hippocrates

Answer 2

·4 Greek doctor, born in Cos around 460BC
·5 Author of ‘Hippocratic Collection’ of medical texts
·6 Originator of the ‘Hippocratic Oath’ and pioneer of ‘Four Humours’ theory

Question 3

Galen

Answer 3

·7 Born in 129AD in Greece, but travelled round the Roman Empire & was doctor to the Emperor
·8 Developed the ‘Theory of the Opposites’ from Four Humours
·9 Demonstrated the brain controlled the body not the heart

Question 4

Avicenna

Answer 4

·10 Also known as Ibn Sinna
·11 Arab doctor, who lived from 980-1037 AD in Spain
·12 Wrote a million-word textbook covering all aspects of medicine

Question 5

Andreas Vesalius

Answer 5

·13 Born in Brussels in 1514 and studied medicine in Brussels and Italy, where he used artists drawing of dissections and published them in ‘Fabric of Human Body’
·14 His work was widely circulated due to the invention of printing
·15 Challenged the ideas of Galen, e.g. over human jaw bone

Question 6

Ambroise Paré

Answer 6

·16 Born in France in 1510
·17 Surgeon in Paris at Hotel Dieu and military surgeon
·18 Treated wounds using turpentine and conducted amputations using ligatures

Question 7

William Harvey

Answer 7

·19 Born in 1578 in Folkestone!
·20 Worked as royal doctor and lecturer in anatomy
·21 Developed theory of circulation of blood and challenged Galen’s ideas on blood

Question 8

Paracelsus

Answer 8

·22 Born in 1483 in Germany
·23 Disagreed with Galen over Four Humours and thought disease attacks body from outside
·24 Devised mineral remedies to help cure disease, e.g. mercury and arsenic

Question 9

Lady Grace Mildmay

Answer 9

·25 Born in England in 1552
·26 Wealthy and well educated, e.g. read books on surgery and Avicenna
·27 Influenced by Galen’s ideas as well as those of Paracelus

Question 10

Richard Wiseman

Answer 10

·28 Born in 1622
·29 Was a surgeon in Dutch and Spanish navies, as well as a doctor to Charles II
·30 Influenced by work of Galen, but admired Paré’s advice on amputation

Question 11

Edward Jenner

Answer 11

·31 Born in England in 1749
·32 Developed first vaccine for smallpox using cowpox
·33 Faced much opposition to his ideas, e.g. from Royal Society although Parliament granted him £30,000 to set up a vaccination clinic in London

Question 12

Elizabeth Garret

Answer 12

·34 Born in 1836
·35 First woman doctor to qualify in 1865 and founded The New Hosiptal for Women in London
·36 In 1876 a law was passed allowing women to enter medical professions

Question 13

Florence Nightingale

Answer 13

·37 Born in 1820
·38 Worked as a nurse at the Scutari Hospital in the Crimea
·39 Published ‘Notes on Nursing’ and founded 1st training school for nurses (1860)

Question 14

Louis Pasteur

Answer 14

·40 Born in France 1822
·41 Author of ‘Germ Theory’, challenging the theory of ‘spontaneous generation’ and miasmas
·42 Use of new technologies, e.g. Lister’s telescope helped him make his discoveries

Question 15

Robert Koch

Answer 15

·43 Born in Germany in 1843
·44 Used teams of bacteriologists to identify the bacteria causing different diseases
·45 Identified different bacteria using stains and cultivating them on Petri dishes

Question 16

Ignaz Semmelweiss

Answer 16

·46 Hungarian doctor born in 1818 who worked in Austria
·47 Insisted that doctors washed their hands after dissections to reduce cross-contamination with patients
·48 Called doctors who didn’t wash their hands ‘murderers’

Question 17

Joseph Lister

Answer 17

·49 Born in England in 1827
·50 Influenced by Pasteur’s ‘Germ Theory’ and developed the carbolic spray
·51 Unpopular with doctors due to unpleasant side-effects

Question 18

Dr John Snow

Answer 18

·52 In 1854 he made the connection between outbreaks of cholera and infected water supply
·53 Based his work on meticulous studies of Broad Street, London
·54 Conducted house-to-house interviews and recorded findings on a map

Question 19

Alexander Fleming

Answer 19

·55 Rediscovered the properties of the bacteria penicillin by chance in his laboratory at St Mary’s London in 1928
·56 Used penicillin to attack staphylococcus, a major cause of blood infections
·57 Lacked the facilities to develop large quantities

Question 20

William Beveridge

Answer 20

·58 Author of ‘Beveridge Report’ in 1942
·59 Proposed a free national health service
·60 NHS eventually introduced in 1948

Question 21

Christian Barnard

Answer 21

·61 Pioneered the use of heart transplants in twentieth century
·62 Used teams of surgeons and doctors sharing their expertise
·63 New retroviral drugs used to ensure organs were not rejected by the body