individualistic theories

Question 1

summarise Bandura bobo doll experiment/ social learning theory

Answer 1

Suggests that behaviour of all kinds is learned through the observation of models. The bobo doll experiment tells us that an adult and child were put in a room the adult beat the doll and the child copied when alone with the doll. Aggressive behaviour was also copied when seen on television

Question 2

summarise Skinner’s operant conditioning in relation to criminality

Answer 2

Criminal behaviour is learned as a result of reinforcing consequences of behaviours. Family/ peers can negatively or positively reinforce/ influence behaviour

Question 3

summarise Kohlberg-cognitive theory test

Answer 3

Kohlberg’s method- core sample was comprised of 72 boys from both middle and lower class families in Chicago. They were ages 10,13 and 16. He later added to his sample younger children, delinquents and boys and girls from other American cities and other countries a basic interview involved a series of dilemmas such as the Heinz.

Question 4

summarise Eysenck’s theory

Answer 4

There are different personalities and combined biological and individualistic theories to explain why some don’t follow rules. he Identified 2 dimensions that personality varies. Certain personality types are inclined towards crime and these individuals could be classified and because of genetic inheritance would be unlikely to learn social constructions of behaviour.

Question 5

summarise Freud’s theory

Answer 5

We can understand human behaviour best by examining past childhood traumatic experiences the role of unconscious and unresolved conflict. Criminal behaviour resulted from unresolved conflicts between separate parts of the personality.

Question 6

summarise Bowlby’s Maternal deprivation theory

Answer 6

Suggested that any disruption of the attachment bond between mother and child in early years may lead later deviance. Early maternal deprivation was casually related to delinquent behaviour.

Question 7

explain the skinner box experiment

Answer 7

Skinner box was used to isolate pigeons and rats and exposed them to carefully controlled stimuli like food released by lever. A rat hit the lever and this reward enforced the behaviour.

Question 8

how does classical conditioning work

Answer 8

Changing behaviour by reinforcement ‘after’ the desired response using positive (adding stimulus) and negative (removing stimulus) reinforcement. It was thought classical conditioning was too simplistic for human behaviour.

Question 9

what are the 6 stages of moral development created by Kohlberg

Answer 9

1. Right is blindly obeying those with power and authority emphasis is on avoiding punishment interests of others aren’t considered. 2. Right is furthering one’s own interests. Interests of others are important only to satisfy self-interests. 3, reasoning is motivated by loyalties to others and a desire to live up to other standards, 4. Right is following the rules of society and maintaining important social institutions (family/community) 5. Moral decisions are made by weighing individual rights against legal principles and the common good. 6. Moral decisions are based on universal principles (e.g. human dignity, desire for justice).

Question 10

what are the 3 personality types eysenck identified

Answer 10

extroversion, introversion and neuroticism.

Question 11

what are the 2 dimensions peoples personalities vary upon

Answer 11

extraversion (stimulation needed) and neuroticism (emotionally instability)

Question 12

what are the features of extraversion

Answer 12

E= central and autonomic arousal level, lower means more stimulation needed from environment and the harder you are to condition.

Question 13

what are the features of neuroticism

Answer 13

how strongly your nervous system reacts to adverse stimuli the stronger your responses the more extreme your emotional changes.

Question 14

what did eysenck find out about high N scorers

Answer 14

High-N -scorers are also hard to condition

Question 15

Eysenck later found a 3rd dimension, what is it

Answer 15

psychoticism

Question 16

what did eysenck say about high P scorers

Answer 16

they tend to be cold, uncaring, solitary, aggressive, and P is largely determined by genetics.

Question 17

according to freud what are the 3 parts of the personality

Answer 17

superego, ego, Id.

Question 18

according to freud criminal behaviour results from what

Answer 18

poorly developed superego which can lead to a lack of control over antisocial impulses, impulsiveness and a lack of guilt

Question 19

freud said that a person with a excessively harsh superego makes them what?

Answer 19

become involved in criminal behaviour such as compulsive stealing in order to punish it, related to feelings of guilt linked to unconscious childhood desires.

Question 20

what happens if the superego is weak according to freud

Answer 20

If the superego is weak the person would feel less guilt or anxiety overthinking about antisocial behaviour. Since anxiety and guilt that keeps us on the straight and narrow, they would fewer inhibitions over acting selfishly or aggressively.

Question 21

how does freud’s theory explain the characteristics of a psychopath

Answer 21

If the person has a deviant superego the behaviour is likely to have been internalised from a criminal father as part of resolving early anxiety in relationships between the mother/father and the child. To bond with the father the child internalises the father criminal behaviour an would not react negatively to criminal behaviour.

Question 22

what did bowlby find in his study of 44 juvenile delinquents

Answer 22

that compared to non-criminal disturbed juveniles 39% of the delinquents had experienced complete separation from their mothers for 6 months or more during the first 5yrs of their lives compared with 5% of the control group. Early maternal deprivation was casually related to delinquent behaviour.