individualistic theories Flashcards
summarise Bandura bobo doll experiment/ social learning theory
Suggests that behaviour of all kinds is learned through the observation of models. The bobo doll experiment tells us that an adult and child were put in a room the adult beat the doll and the child copied when alone with the doll. Aggressive behaviour was also copied when seen on television
summarise Skinner’s operant conditioning in relation to criminality
Criminal behaviour is learned as a result of reinforcing consequences of behaviours. Family/ peers can negatively or positively reinforce/ influence behaviour
summarise Kohlberg-cognitive theory test
Kohlberg’s method- core sample was comprised of 72 boys from both middle and lower class families in Chicago. They were ages 10,13 and 16. He later added to his sample younger children, delinquents and boys and girls from other American cities and other countries a basic interview involved a series of dilemmas such as the Heinz.
summarise Eysenck’s theory
There are different personalities and combined biological and individualistic theories to explain why some don’t follow rules. he Identified 2 dimensions that personality varies. Certain personality types are inclined towards crime and these individuals could be classified and because of genetic inheritance would be unlikely to learn social constructions of behaviour.
summarise Freud’s theory
We can understand human behaviour best by examining past childhood traumatic experiences the role of unconscious and unresolved conflict. Criminal behaviour resulted from unresolved conflicts between separate parts of the personality.
summarise Bowlby’s Maternal deprivation theory
Suggested that any disruption of the attachment bond between mother and child in early years may lead later deviance. Early maternal deprivation was casually related to delinquent behaviour.
explain the skinner box experiment
Skinner box was used to isolate pigeons and rats and exposed them to carefully controlled stimuli like food released by lever. A rat hit the lever and this reward enforced the behaviour.
how does classical conditioning work
Changing behaviour by reinforcement ‘after’ the desired response using positive (adding stimulus) and negative (removing stimulus) reinforcement. It was thought classical conditioning was too simplistic for human behaviour.
what are the 6 stages of moral development created by Kohlberg
- Right is blindly obeying those with power and authority emphasis is on avoiding punishment interests of others aren’t considered. 2. Right is furthering one’s own interests. Interests of others are important only to satisfy self-interests. 3, reasoning is motivated by loyalties to others and a desire to live up to other standards, 4. Right is following the rules of society and maintaining important social institutions (family/community) 5. Moral decisions are made by weighing individual rights against legal principles and the common good. 6. Moral decisions are based on universal principles (e.g. human dignity, desire for justice).
what are the 3 personality types eysenck identified
extroversion, introversion and neuroticism.
what are the 2 dimensions peoples personalities vary upon
extraversion (stimulation needed) and neuroticism (emotionally instability)
what are the features of extraversion
E= central and autonomic arousal level, lower means more stimulation needed from environment and the harder you are to condition.
what are the features of neuroticism
how strongly your nervous system reacts to adverse stimuli the stronger your responses the more extreme your emotional changes.
what did eysenck find out about high N scorers
High-N -scorers are also hard to condition
Eysenck later found a 3rd dimension, what is it
psychoticism
what did eysenck say about high P scorers
they tend to be cold, uncaring, solitary, aggressive, and P is largely determined by genetics.
according to freud what are the 3 parts of the personality
superego, ego, Id.
according to freud criminal behaviour results from what
poorly developed superego which can lead to a lack of control over antisocial impulses, impulsiveness and a lack of guilt
freud said that a person with a excessively harsh superego makes them what?
become involved in criminal behaviour such as compulsive stealing in order to punish it, related to feelings of guilt linked to unconscious childhood desires.
what happens if the superego is weak according to freud
If the superego is weak the person would feel less guilt or anxiety overthinking about antisocial behaviour. Since anxiety and guilt that keeps us on the straight and narrow, they would fewer inhibitions over acting selfishly or aggressively.
how does freud’s theory explain the characteristics of a psychopath
If the person has a deviant superego the behaviour is likely to have been internalised from a criminal father as part of resolving early anxiety in relationships between the mother/father and the child. To bond with the father the child internalises the father criminal behaviour an would not react negatively to criminal behaviour.
what did bowlby find in his study of 44 juvenile delinquents
that compared to non-criminal disturbed juveniles 39% of the delinquents had experienced complete separation from their mothers for 6 months or more during the first 5yrs of their lives compared with 5% of the control group. Early maternal deprivation was casually related to delinquent behaviour.
