Individualistic theories Flashcards
what is freud’s iceberg analogy
don’t see the unconscious so don’t know true motives
what is in conscious
thoughts and perceptions
what is in subconscious
memories and stored knowledge
what is in unconscious
fears, traumas and violent motives
what are the three parts of personality according to freud
id, ego , superego
what is the id
selfish and animalsistic urges- pleasure principle
what is the ego
rational and sensible control- reality principle
what is the superego
moral conscience
how does freud link personality to criminality
If super ego is weak, id takes control. Need balanced ego to not be criminal.
where does bowlby say criminals come from
unstable homes
what is bowlby’s maternal deprivation
if mother not around for 6 months between 0-5 years old, it can cause affectionless psychopathy
what is affectionless psychopathy
inability to relate and empathise with others- unfeeling towards suffering of others
what was bowlbys study
44 juvenile delinquents compared to non-criminals to see if had maternal deprivation
bowlby’s results- percent experienced maternal deprivation
in delinquents, 39%
in non-criminals, 5%
what was pavlovs classical conditioning
studied dog saliva and realised dogs associate food with other stimulus eg bell- applied learning theory to humans
overview of what bandura found
aggression can be learned from watching others behave in aggressive manner
how many children did bandura study
48 children in two groups
what did each group witness in banduras experiment
1 group exposed to aggressive model, other group saw calm model
banduras results
children who saw aggressive model imitated the aggression.
case study for bandura
Jamie Bulger murder- Venables and Thompson watched child’s play
how does bandura’s theory link to crime
crime can be learned as a child from family- observational learning
what was sutherland’s theory
criminal behaviour comes from differential associations
what is differential association
learn values from interactions with others
what did sutherland describe a prison as
university of crime
why is prison a university of crime
learn from others how to commit crime
evidence to support sutherland
40% reoffending rate
what was skinners box
trained rats to press green lever for food- operant conditioning
4 types of operant conditioning
positive reinforcement,
negative reinforcement,
negative punishment,
positive punishment
how does operant conditioning relate to criminality
children positively reinforced to commit crime
what is a token economy
cycle of conditioning behaviour
example of token economy
inmate good- earn token- trade for food- behaviour improve
what was eysenck’s theory
believed certain personalities were more likely to commit crime
what sort of people did eysenck say was more criminal
people who crave excitement but too slow to learn crime is wrong
what was eysencks study
eysencks personality questionnaire
what were the 3 sections on eysencks questionnaire
extrovert/introvert E
neuroticism/emotional stability N
psychoticism P
which personalities were more likely to commit crimes- eysenck
high E and N- difficult to control impulses
high P- uncaring and aggressive
who did eysenck research on
700 soldiers who were being treated for neurotic disorders at hospital where he worked
what case supports bandura
Jamie Bulger murder
1st strength of bandura
considers social nature as humans learn from other people’s experiences
2nd strength of bandura
shows large factor of role models
final strength of bandura
high credibility as has similar results each time and uses control group for scientific validity
who’s research was a weakness of bandura
Cumberbatch
what did cumberbatch find
children who hadn’t played with a bobo doll before were 5x more likely to imitate the model than those familiar
1st weakness of bandura
assumes we ignore free will as we get older and cant choose not to
2nd weakness of bandura
is a laboratory study of imitation so it is an artificial environment- low ecological validity
final weakness of bandura
short term study- didn’t loo at long term results so don’t know if led to criminality
1st strength of sutherland
reoffending rates support as 46% prisoners reoffend within a year of release
2nd strength of sutherland
crime runs in families so its learnt
1st weakness of sutherland
not everyone exposed to criminal influences becomes criminal
2nd weakness of sutherland
ignores rehabilitation as people learn better way of life
1st strength of operant conditioning
easily repeatable and applied to society eg school, family life
2nd strength of operant conditioning
prisoners see it as fair so take part
1st weakness of operant conditioning
studied on animals and generalised to humans but may not have same result
2nd weakness of operant conditioning
deterministic as ignores free will
who used psychoanalysis
aichhorn
how does aichhorn support freud
been used in treatment of young offenders by aicchorn to allow development of superego by giving happy experiences they may not have had growing up
1st strength of freud
similarities between frued and brain abnormalities- id=limbic system, superego=prefrontal cortex
final strength of freud
contributed to research on childhood experiences and importance of them to future
1st weakness of freud
unreliable because he knew all of his patients and analysed his own dreams and childhood- bias2nd
2nd weakness of freud
no longer accredited due to difficulty of testing concepts such as unconscious mind
3rd weakness of freud
no proof unconscious mind exists
final weakness of freud
psychodynamic therapies that have been attempted to treat offenders have not been successful
1st strength of bowlby
ecological validity for suing control group
2nd strength of bowlby
shows importance of parent and child relationships as they build personality
1st weakness of bowlby
small sample size of 44 so results may differ with larger sample size
2nd weakness of bowlby
he disproved his own theory in later study of 60 children that had maternal deprivation and none showed affectionless psycohpathy
who supports eysenck
DeYoung
what did DeYoung suggest
link between P,E and N results and brain processes eg high testosterone to psychoticicm and dopamine to extroversion
1st strength of eysenck
formed basis of many modern personality tests
2nd strength of eysenck
can detect criminal behaviour in children and intervene at young age to prevent crime
3rd strength of eysenck
accounts for nature and nurture as doesn’t matter whether personality is genetic or environmental
who’s research is a weakness of eysenck
Farrington et al
what did farrington et al say
relies of self- report measures about a persons view of their own personality which can cause biased or false answers
2nd weakness of eysenck
doesn’t consider personalities change over time
final weakness of eysenck
lack reliabilty as people’s answers may change
