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PS3836 - Wk6 - Music and Emotion > Individual Differences and Music/Emotion > Flashcards

Individual Differences and Music/Emotion Flashcards

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1
Q

What is nostalgia?

A

A sentimental longing or wistful affection for a period in the past

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2
Q

How does nostalgia play a role in individual differences and music?

A

Songs will mean different things to different people. Will have memories attached. It is a more complicated story with each song than you might initially think. People will have different emotional connections to different songs - and these emotional connections may not reflect the emotion that the song typically induces

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3
Q

What did Barrett et al. (2010) find in terms of individual differences in nostalgia proneness, mood, and personality?

A

Nostalgia proneness predicted stronger nostalgia ratings

Affect and neuroticism predicted nostalgia proneness

Nostalgia associated with either Joy or Sadness

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4
Q

What emotions are nostalgia typically associated with?

A

Joy

Sadness

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5
Q

Outline Barrett et al.’s (2010) study on nostalgia and nostalgia proneness

A

Participants listened to randomly selected examples of popular music and rated how nostalgic each made them feel

Measures of nostalgia proneness, mood, and personality were also given to participants

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6
Q

What predicted nostalgia proneness?

A

Affect and neuroticism

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7
Q

What predicted stronger nostalgia ratings?

A

Nostalgia proneness

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8
Q

What did Zhou et al. (2012) find in terms of nostalgia and temperature?

A

Stronger reports of nostalgia were reported in cold temperature

Participants with stronger reports of nostalgia also reported feeling warmer

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9
Q

What did Zhou et al. (2012) focus on with nostalgia and temperature?

A

Coldness can provoke nostalgia

Nostalgia can make participants report feeling warmer in those conditions

Evoked nostalgia in study 3 using music

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10
Q

What is a study that used music to get people to feel a certain way?

A

Zhou et al. (2012) - nostalgia and temperature

Used music as a tool to get people feeling nostalgic

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11
Q

What is one complex emotion that music can evoke?

A

Nostalgia

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12
Q

What are emotional responses to music?

A

Personal reactions to associations between the music and emotion

Emotion-laden memories

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13
Q

What can be involved in emotions and music?

A

Conditioning

Conscious processing

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14
Q

How is music linked with nostalgia?

A

Music links fond memories of the past or valued past events and can warm us up too

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15
Q

What reaction does nostalgia produce?

A

Heart-warming reaction to music

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16
Q

What are 5 emotions that music can be associated with?

A

Nostalgia

Fear

Sadness

Joy

Surprise/Anticipation

17
Q

What are characteristics of music played in horror films?

A

Suspense

Sudden, loud notes

18
Q

In what ways can you use music to deal with fearful situations?

A

Mood regulator of the virtual fear of heights and helps suppress feelings of anxiety (Seinfeld et al., 2016)

19
Q

What has been found with brain activation and fear in response to music?

A

Same brain region activation occurs when listening to music written to be fearful as when presented with facial expressions or vocalisations that express fear

The brain produces a strong fear response in certain areas which can be measured in the presence of music (amygdala)

20
Q

Why might music elicit sadness?

A

Music can remind us of painful past events (e.g., break-ups)

Music can help us deal with the situation

21
Q

Who expresses emotions and evokes emotions through music?

A

Artist/performer

22
Q

Who perceives emotions in music?

A

Listener

23
Q

How can emotions be expressed through music?

A

Composers

Musical structures

Performers

24
Q

How is joy conveyed through music?

A

Concerts

Religious events

Lyrics

25
Q

What did Miller & Strongman (2002) look at?

A

Mood changes before and after listening to music in church

26
Q

What did Miller & Strongman (2002) find in terms of mood and church? (music and joy)

A

There was an increase in mood through church services and stronger positive emotional responses to music

27
Q

How can anticipation and surprise be conveyed through music?

A

Unusual time signature

Unexpected mix of musical styles

Unexpected chord changes

28
Q

How do surprise and anticipation link together in music?

A

Might be surprised on first listen but if you like the music and listen to it again then you would anticipate the musical changes

29
Q

What does perception of music and feeling of emotion depend on?

A

Context

30
Q

Do music expressed, perceived, and experienced have to be congruent?

A

No

31
Q

In what sense are expectations important in music?

A

Trained listeners and performers generate musical expectancies

We can predict emotional responses to music from expectancy violations

We have expectations of fans of a particular genre

32
Q

What did Egermann et al. (2013) find in terms of expectancy violation?

A

People responded more positively to pieces of music if expectations were not violated

33
Q

What study looked at the expectations of fans of a genre?

A

Ballard et al. (1999)

34
Q

Describe Ballard et al.’s (1999) study on expectations of fans

A

Participants were presented with prosocial or antisocial lyrics under the guise of heavy metal, rap, pop, or country music

35
Q

What did Ballard et al. (1999) find in terms of people’s expectations of fans?

A

When people were presented with lyrics in the form of metal or rap, participants thought that prosocial behaviour would be less.

Participants did not think that people would be more antisocial though.

36
Q

What 2 things are important in terms of music and emotions?

A

Individual differences across many factors

The associations we make are important

PS3836 - Wk6 - Music and Emotion (7 decks)

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