Individual Differences and Music/Emotion Flashcards
What is nostalgia?
A sentimental longing or wistful affection for a period in the past
How does nostalgia play a role in individual differences and music?
Songs will mean different things to different people. Will have memories attached. It is a more complicated story with each song than you might initially think. People will have different emotional connections to different songs - and these emotional connections may not reflect the emotion that the song typically induces
What did Barrett et al. (2010) find in terms of individual differences in nostalgia proneness, mood, and personality?
Nostalgia proneness predicted stronger nostalgia ratings
Affect and neuroticism predicted nostalgia proneness
Nostalgia associated with either Joy or Sadness
What emotions are nostalgia typically associated with?
Joy
Sadness
Outline Barrett et al.’s (2010) study on nostalgia and nostalgia proneness
Participants listened to randomly selected examples of popular music and rated how nostalgic each made them feel
Measures of nostalgia proneness, mood, and personality were also given to participants
What predicted nostalgia proneness?
Affect and neuroticism
What predicted stronger nostalgia ratings?
Nostalgia proneness
What did Zhou et al. (2012) find in terms of nostalgia and temperature?
Stronger reports of nostalgia were reported in cold temperature
Participants with stronger reports of nostalgia also reported feeling warmer
What did Zhou et al. (2012) focus on with nostalgia and temperature?
Coldness can provoke nostalgia
Nostalgia can make participants report feeling warmer in those conditions
Evoked nostalgia in study 3 using music
What is a study that used music to get people to feel a certain way?
Zhou et al. (2012) - nostalgia and temperature
Used music as a tool to get people feeling nostalgic
What is one complex emotion that music can evoke?
Nostalgia
What are emotional responses to music?
Personal reactions to associations between the music and emotion
Emotion-laden memories
What can be involved in emotions and music?
Conditioning
Conscious processing
How is music linked with nostalgia?
Music links fond memories of the past or valued past events and can warm us up too
What reaction does nostalgia produce?
Heart-warming reaction to music
What are 5 emotions that music can be associated with?
Nostalgia
Fear
Sadness
Joy
Surprise/Anticipation
What are characteristics of music played in horror films?
Suspense
Sudden, loud notes
In what ways can you use music to deal with fearful situations?
Mood regulator of the virtual fear of heights and helps suppress feelings of anxiety (Seinfeld et al., 2016)
What has been found with brain activation and fear in response to music?
Same brain region activation occurs when listening to music written to be fearful as when presented with facial expressions or vocalisations that express fear
The brain produces a strong fear response in certain areas which can be measured in the presence of music (amygdala)
Why might music elicit sadness?
Music can remind us of painful past events (e.g., break-ups)
Music can help us deal with the situation
Who expresses emotions and evokes emotions through music?
Artist/performer
Who perceives emotions in music?
Listener
How can emotions be expressed through music?
Composers
Musical structures
Performers
How is joy conveyed through music?
Concerts
Religious events
Lyrics
What did Miller & Strongman (2002) look at?
Mood changes before and after listening to music in church
What did Miller & Strongman (2002) find in terms of mood and church? (music and joy)
There was an increase in mood through church services and stronger positive emotional responses to music
How can anticipation and surprise be conveyed through music?
Unusual time signature
Unexpected mix of musical styles
Unexpected chord changes
How do surprise and anticipation link together in music?
Might be surprised on first listen but if you like the music and listen to it again then you would anticipate the musical changes
What does perception of music and feeling of emotion depend on?
Context
Do music expressed, perceived, and experienced have to be congruent?
No
In what sense are expectations important in music?
Trained listeners and performers generate musical expectancies
We can predict emotional responses to music from expectancy violations
We have expectations of fans of a particular genre
What did Egermann et al. (2013) find in terms of expectancy violation?
People responded more positively to pieces of music if expectations were not violated
What study looked at the expectations of fans of a genre?
Ballard et al. (1999)
Describe Ballard et al.’s (1999) study on expectations of fans
Participants were presented with prosocial or antisocial lyrics under the guise of heavy metal, rap, pop, or country music
What did Ballard et al. (1999) find in terms of people’s expectations of fans?
When people were presented with lyrics in the form of metal or rap, participants thought that prosocial behaviour would be less.
Participants did not think that people would be more antisocial though.
What 2 things are important in terms of music and emotions?
Individual differences across many factors
The associations we make are important
