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PSYC514 > Individual differences and mental health - NT > Flashcards

Individual differences and mental health - NT Flashcards

1
Q

What does mental health mean?

A

A state of mental wellbeing that enables people to cope with the stresses of life, to realise their abilities, to learn well and work well, and to contribute to their communities.

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2
Q

What does ‘mental disorder’ mean?

A

A syndrome characterised by clinically significant disturbance in an individuals cognition, emotional regulation, or behaviour that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological or developmental processes that underlie mental and behavioural functioning.

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3
Q

What does ICD stand for, and what is it?

A

International Classification of Diseases.
Codes for all diseases (physical and mental)

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4
Q

What does DSM stand for, and when was the most recent addition published?

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 2013.

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5
Q

How common are mental disorders in the UK, throughout a lifespan, according to Bebbington & McManus (2020)?

A

1 in 4 adults.

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6
Q

What does prevalence mean?

A

Prevalense is the proportion of a population who have a specific characteristic in a given time period.

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7
Q

What does incidence mean?

A

Incidence is a measure of the number of new cases of a characteristic that develop in a population in a specified time period.

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8
Q

What do the following acronyms stand for; DALY, YLL, YLD?

A

DALY - Disability adjusted life year.
YLL - Years of life lost due to premature mortality.
YLD - Years of healthy life lost due to disability.

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9
Q

What is the difference between relability and validity?

A

Reliability - True (error free), consistent (repeatable).

Validity - The degree to which a measure assesses the construct it is designed to measure

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10
Q

Depressive disorders have a number of commonalities, but what differs among them?

A

Issues of duration, timing, or presumed aetiology.

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11
Q

What is an alternative to diagnosis?

A

Formulation

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12
Q

How does diagnostic formulation in psychiatry take place? (Kuruvilla & Kuruvilla, 2010)

A
  1. A discussion on the diagnosis
  2. Aetiological factors, which seem important
  3. Taking into account the patients life situation and background
  4. A plan for treatment
  5. An estimate of the prognosis
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13
Q

In people with a mental disorder, researching causal factors is usually what?

A

Retrospective

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14
Q

In people with mental disorders, researching treatment outcomes is usually what?

A

Prospective

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15
Q

What is the cognitive-transactional view of stress and coping?

A

Stress is not the property of the person or the environment but of the relationship between them.

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16
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary appraisal?

A

Primary appraisal is thinking ‘what is at stake’? Secondary appraisal is considering ‘what can be done’ (eg coping mechanisms)

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17
Q

What is the ‘gold standard’ measure for life events?

A

The Life Events and Difficulties Schedule (LEDs: Brown and Harris, 1978)

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18
Q

According to Bifulco et al (1998) how much more likely are those with severe life events to develop depression than those without?

A

3.5 times more likely

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19
Q

What are the two different kinds of life events?

A

D-events - matches an ongoing difficulty (for example a break up after a period of relationship difficulty).
C-events - where a SLE is in an area of life where someone has expressed a high level of commitment.

20
Q

How does Beck’s cognitive theory of depression relate life experiences to core beliefs?

A

Core beliefs can be activated by life events.

21
Q

Helplessness in childhood is a significant predictor of what?

A

Helplessness in adulthood

22
Q

How many general criteria are there currently for the diagnosis of PTSD?

A

5 (listed a-e) - each have more to them however.

23
Q

What is meant by adversial growth/posttraumatic growth?

A

Positive changes following adversity.

24
Q

What are the two types of models for human capacity for growth through adversity?

A

Continuum model:
distress <- resilience -> growth

Dimensional model
Distress + resilience + growth

25
Q

What is the diagnostic criteria of Anorexia Nervosa?

A

Restriction of energy, and intense fear of weight gain.

26
Q

What is the diagnostic criteria of bulimia?

A

Binge then purging.

27
Q

What is the diagnostic criteria of binge-eating disorder?

A

Binging without purging.

28
Q

What is the prevalence of each of the following disorders;
Anorexia
Bulimia
Binge-eating?

A

Anorexia - (12 month) - 0.4%, female to male ratio: 10:1

Bulimia: (12 month) - 1.0-1.5%. Female to male ratio: 10:1.

Binge eating disorder - 12 month in females: 1.6%. 12 month in males: 0.8%.

29
Q

How is anorexia different in Hong Kong, according to Lee 1985?

A

Report physical discomfort.
No fear of weight gain.
No over concern with weight and shape.

30
Q

What are risk factors for Bulimia? (according to Fairburn et al, 1997)

A

Negative self evaluation, parental problems, dieting.

31
Q

What are risk factors for Anorexia Nervosa? (according to Fairburn et al, 1999)

A

Perfectionism, negative self evaluation. Dieting is NOT a risk factor.

32
Q

How do SLE’s impact the onset of eating disorders, according to Schmidt et al’s 1997 study?

A

67% of AN women and 76% of BN women experience at least one SLE prior to onset (especially interpersonal events and pudicity events in AN).

33
Q

Briefly explain Slade’s (1982) functional account of AN

A

Setting conditions, precipitating events, maintaining factors, need for control is central to the development and maintenance of AN.

34
Q

Briefly explain what is the guiding idea behind the Cognitive behavioural account of AN

A

Overvaluation of ideas about body shape and appearance.

35
Q

What constitutes good treatment?

A

For specific conditions, reduces symptoms/disability, reduces risk of relapse after recovery, can be used for anyone

36
Q

According to Shekelle et al (1999) how many levels of evidence are there? Can you describe any?

A

4/6 (Both correct numbers)
1a - Evidence for meta analysis of RCT’s
1b - Evidence from at least one RCT
2a - Evidence from at least one controlled trial without randomisation
2b - Evidence from at least one other type of quasi-experimental study
3 - Evidence from non-experimental descriptive studies such as comparative studies, correlation studies and case-control studies
4 - Evidence from expert committee report or opinions or clinical experience of respected authorities, or both.

37
Q

What are the three ‘eff’s’ and what do they each mean?

A

Efficacy - the ability of a treatment to produce benefit if applied ideally (usually by RCT).
Effectiveness - the benefit that actually occurs when a treatment is used in practice
Efficiency - the resources required to produce a unit of health gain

38
Q

What does RCT stand for?

A

Randomised control trial

39
Q

What is a placebo?

A

Inert substances that cause symptom relief

40
Q

What is a double-blind study?

A

Neither the doctor nor the patient knows which trial the patient is in.

41
Q

What are the steps to running an RCT?

A

Randomise, blinding, assessment pre/post/follow-up, same therapists for multiple treatments, confirm that treatments differ across groups, analyse the outcomes

42
Q

What is the RE-AIM framework?

A

Reach - what proportion of the target population participated in the intervention?
Efficacy - what is the success rate if implemented as in protocol?
Adoption - what proportion of setting, practices and plans will adopt the intervention?
Implementation - To what extent is the intervention implemented as intended in the real world?
Maintenance - to what extent is the program sustained over time?

43
Q

Name three of the potential 10 criteria for assessing methodological quality

A

Randomisation
Control/comparison condition
Research groups comparable at start
Drop out described and acceptable
Attempt at blindness made
Respondent blind
Timing of measurements comparable between groups
Length of follow up described and acceptable
Intention to treat analysis
Control for potential confounding variables

44
Q

What are the three waves of CBT, according to Hayes (2004)?

A

First wave - primarily behavioural
Second wave - Integration of cognitive components (1960s/70s)
Third wave - (Since 1990s) - combination of techniques (mindfulness, acceptance, cognitive defusion, dialectics, values, spirituality and relationships) (DBT, FAP, IBCT).

45
Q

Name three examples of third wave CBT

A

Dialectical behavioural therapy - DBT
Functional analytic psychotherapy - FAP
Integrative behavioural couples therapy - IBCT
Acceptance and commitment therapy - ACT
Schema therapy -ST
Cognitive behavioural analysis system of psychotherapy - CBASP
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy - MBCT
Metacognitive therapy - MCT
Compassion focused therapy - CFT
Positive psychotherapy - PPT

PSYC514 (5 decks)

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