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Psychology 1B > Individual Differences > Flashcards

Individual Differences Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Intelligence

A

Ability to learn from experience, ability to adapt to the environment

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2
Q

What does Boring’s Dictum state?

A

Intelligence is whatever is tested in intelligence tests

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3
Q

What about the Kpelle culture suggests cultural influences in intelligence?

A

Kpelle sorting concepts, rather than sorting taxonomically, sorting functionally (knife with orange as knife cuts orange)

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4
Q

What did Galton study at the end of the 19th century?

A

family trees, believed success ran in family trees, because of genes, and that sensory acuity could measure intelligence

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5
Q

Who created the first intelligence test (other than sensory acuity)

A

Binet (1904) france

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6
Q

What did Terman and Stanford (the uni) do?

A

They revised the BInet intelligence test, created the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, with a new scoring system based on Intelligence Quotient. (The first real IQ test!)

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7
Q

What is WAIS?

A

An intelligence measure that doesn’t use IQ, is based off normal distribution

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8
Q

What is deprivation (in terms of intelligence)

A

Lack of stimulation. poverty, malnutrition and illness may all lower IQ

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9
Q

What did McGurk (1975) think about genetic influence on intelligence

A

that intelligence was genetic only

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10
Q

What did McCartney (1990) find about genes and intelligence?

A

Concordance rates for intelligence are 0.81 MZ, 0.59 DZ

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11
Q

What is the Flynn Effect?

A

IQ has increased over time all over the world

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12
Q

What is criterion-related validity?

A

whether tests used to predict behaviour correlate with independent measure of traits/behaviour etc

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13
Q

What is construct validity?

A

How much evidence is there that a test measures a hypothetical construct

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14
Q

What are the below average IQ classifications?

A

Profound Mental Retardation <20 Severe MR - 20-25 - 35-40 Moderate MR ~35-~55 Mild MR ~55-70 Borderline 70-79 Dull Normal 80-90

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15
Q

What are the above average IQ classifications?

A

Average 90-110 Bright normal 110-120 Superior 120-130 Very Superior 130+

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16
Q

What do aptitude tests measure?

A

Specific mental abilities, e.g. Verbal Reasoning

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17
Q

What do achievement tests measure?

A

Previous knowledge and learning, rather than potential

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18
Q

Who created confluence theory?

A

Zajonc and Markus - 1975

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19
Q

What does confluence theory suggest about firstborn children?

A

They have higher IQs, as they were given more attention, raised in a more mature environment, and also were given the opportunity to tutor younger siblings, which reinforces learning

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20
Q

What does the psychometric approach suggest about intelligence?

A

It is not one general thing. Structure of intelligence made up of various abilities

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21
Q

What is the triarchic theory of intelligence?

A

Three subtheories of intelligence Componential subtheory Experiential subtheory Contextual subtheory

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22
Q

What is componential subtheory?

A

The ability to break things down and analyse them etc

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23
Q

What is experiential subtheory?

A

The ability to perform tasks with different levels of experience, i.e. An automated task or a novel one. Some people are excellent at novel tasks and vice Versace

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24
Q

What is contextual subtheory?

A

Take in information and adapt to it, or shape the environment to one’s needs, or select a new environment - street smarts

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25
Q

What are autistic savants an example of?

A

Multiple intelligences, superior in one area but severely lacking in others

26
Q

What is the hierarchical model of intelligence?

A

Multiple small observables allow insight into unobservables, which together form a composite intelligence

27
Q

What is fluid intelligence?

A

Reasoning and problem solving

28
Q

What is crystallised intelligence?

A

Gathered knowledge

29
Q

What are the four temperaments based off hippocrate’s 4 humours

A

Melancholic - gloomy Choleric - angry and violent Phlegmatic- calm and passive Sanguine - cheerful and happy

30
Q

What are the three somatotypes? (Sheldon)

A

Ectomorphic - tall, thin, fragile, dainty Endomorphic - soft, round, fat Mesomorphic- strong, muscular

31
Q

What are the three components of Freudian personality

A

Id, ego, superego

32
Q

What is the superego?

A

Operates on the morality principle

33
Q

What principle does the id operate on?

A

Operates on the pleasure principle, wants everything, straight away

34
Q

What is the ego?

A

The mediator between id and superego, operates on the reality principle

35
Q

What is libido?

A

Psychic energy - fuels drives, hunger, sex, aggression, impulses etc

36
Q

What are the psychosexual stages of development?

A

Oral- birth-12/18 months Anal- 12/18months- 3 years Phallic- 3-6 years Latency- 6-puberty Genital- puberty-death

37
Q

What happens if you don’t complete a psychosexual stage?

A

Leads to unresolved conflict, develop certain traits, e.g. Anally expulsive/retentive

38
Q

What is a trait?

A

A ‘stable source of individual differences that characterise a person’

39
Q

What is the nomothetic approach to personality?

A

Everyone has the same traits, they just vary in the amount of each trait they have

40
Q

What is the idiographic approach to personality?

A

People differ in the personality traits they have

41
Q

What is Neo-Freudian Jung Known for?

A

Collective unconsciousness archetypes persona, shadow, anima, animus

42
Q

What is Repression?

A

the mind actively hiding a trauma from memory

43
Q

What is Reaction Formation?

A

replacing an anxiety provoking idea with the opposite, eg being nice to someone you dont like

44
Q

What were the two main dimensions of personality Eysenck defined?

A

Introversion -> extraversion Neuroticism -> stability

45
Q

What is projection?

A

A defence mechanism where feelings about yourself are projected onto others, eg if you are angry you might say someone else is angry

46
Q

What is sublimation?

A

Channelling psychic energy from actions viewed as negative to ones viewed as positive

47
Q

What is rationalisation?

A

Creating acceptable reasons for a behaviour that may be caused by less acceptable reasons

48
Q

What is conversion?

A

manifestations of psychological problems as physical symptoms

49
Q

WHat is displacement

A

movement of negative emotions off the cause to another object

50
Q

What are the Big 5 personality traits?

A

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism

51
Q

What was Bandura’s theory of personality?

A

based off social learning theory and reciprocal determinism. the cognitive element of personality comes from feelings of self-efficacy

52
Q

What was Rotter’s theory of personality?

A

Expectancy theory, behaviour depends on what a person expects the consequences to be , and their value placed on them. Internal and external locus of control also

53
Q

What was Mischel’s theory of personality?

A

Person-situation theory, both are important in defining behaviour, rather than simply disposition

54
Q

What was Maslows suggestion on personality?

A

motivation is central to personality, based on hierarchy of needs, have to satisfy base needs before moving up

55
Q

What are the stages on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

Physiological Needs, Safety Needs, Belonginess and Love, Self Esteem Needs, Cognitive Needs, Aesthetic Needs, Self Actualisation, Peak Experiences

56
Q

What is an objective personality test?

A

One that uses standardised and uniform procedures, Eg MMPI

57
Q

What is the Rorshach inkblot test?

A

A test using a series of symmetrical inkblots, once used to detect psychopathology but now used to assess personality

58
Q

What is the thematic apperception test?

A

A series of ambiguous but realistic pictures are shown, and subjects suggest what happened before the scene, in the scene and the outcomes

59
Q

What is apperception?

A

The projection of personal information into the stimulus perceived

60
Q

What is Roger’s theory of personality?

A

We need self consistency and congruence, if experience does not fit self concept then there is anxiety

Psychology 1B (5 decks)

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