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4010 Key areas of psych > individual differences > Flashcards

individual differences Flashcards

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1
Q

sex & gender - what are the notions of sex and gender
inc. ahmed 2001

A
  • often over-simplistic and problematic

ahmed 2001 - look at cultural values in advertising
- portraying gender roles, making some cook and clean in adverts

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2
Q

sex & gender - how is sex & gender defined

A

sex/biology
- chromosomes XY male, XX female
- hormones
- internal & external physiology

gender/socialisation
- men, women, boys, girls
- gender - culturally constructed, norms, expectations
- gender socialisation
- gender expression - masculine etc.

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3
Q

sex & gender - discuss the toy choice case study of S&G

A
  • a child can look at a toy and want to play with it
  • kids readily demonstrate what they do and don’t like
  • this shows layers of complexity in gender and sex
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4
Q

sex & gender - discuss the power of socialisation through Seavy et al. 1975 ‘baby X’ study

A
  • 2 adults interacted with a child conveyed as a boy or girl
  • there was a high tendency to use sex-stereotyped toys when the baby was introduced as a girl
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5
Q

sex & gender - outline Lytton and Romney 1991, toy choice

A
  • parents gave differential encouragement at home.
  • girls were praised for playing with dolls and feminine things, whereas boys were positively reinforced for playing with trucks.
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6
Q

sex & gender - outline Bard et al. 2006 gender-biased vocabulary.

A
  • boys and girls productive vocabularies contained more own-gender-typed than other-gender words as toddlers.
  • the concept of who they are is strong, girls liked girly things.
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7
Q

sex & gender - what is the challenge of sex and gender.

A
  • socialisation is pervasive and accounts for differences
  • nature v nurture, gender biased issues are usually nature working with nurture.
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8
Q

sex & gender - discuss a study of biological sex and toy choice in children.
( Hassett, Siebert & wallen 2008)

A
  • compared 34 rhesus monkeys interactions with trucks and dolls.
  • male monkeys had a strong preference for trucks, whereas females showered variability in preference.
  • this was found in human studies, where preferences develop without explicit gender socialisation.
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9
Q

sex & gender - discuss typical human development

A
  • being female is the default development path
  • the Y chromosomes come in and trigger:

defeminisation - suppression of typical female morphology and behaviour.

masculinisation - production of male morphology and behaviour.

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10
Q

sex & gender - what is congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

A
  • genetic disorder causing enzyme deficiency resulting in no cortisol being produced
  • prenatally the hypothalamus detects low cortisol and tell pituitary to produce more and androgen is released.
  • due to physiological outcome the condition is only diagnose post-birth, ambiguous genitalia in females.
  • excess androgen is managed
  • chromosomal females develop in a male hormonal env.
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11
Q

sex & gender - outline what paterski et al 2007 found in CAH girls.

A
  • girls with CAH are much more active and aggressive than non-CAH girls.
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12
Q

personality - define personality

A
  • internal factors that make up someones behaviour and are consistent.
  • particular pattern of thinking and behaviour.
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13
Q

personality - what are traits

A

traits are elements that everyone has, they vary in terms of how much they have, dominance, extraversion

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14
Q

personality - are universal traits present

A
  • height weight and age are universal dimensions used to describe people.
  • but there isn’t a set of traits to define people, not everyone is empathetic, extroverted.
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15
Q

personality - outline G. Allports search for traits

A
  • trait theory 1936
  • identified many adjectives used to describe personality aspects
  • he reduced this to 160 trait names describing personality
  • he stated one someones personality can be adequately described it can then be explained.
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16
Q

personality - outline Eysencks theory on personality

A
  • developed personality questionnaires
  • proposed a model of personality which measures people levels of extroversion, psychotocism and neuroticism.
17
Q

personality - discuss research by Catell

A
  • added to Allports trait list
  • his aim was to describe personality
  • aimed fro more detail than Eysenck
18
Q

personality - what were the 5 factors of personality developed by Costa & McCrae

A
  • openness to experience
  • conscientiousness
  • extraversion
  • agreeableness
  • neuroticism
19
Q

personality - why was the big 5 created?

A

to understand what humans need to know about each other.
- will they dominate me
- will I like them
- can I trust them
- are they a little crazy
- are they smart

20
Q

personality - outline the dark triad by Paulhus and Williams 2002

A

3 ‘universal’ traits

  • subclinical psychopathy
  • subclinical narcissism
  • macheivellianism (manipulative/cunning)
21
Q

personality - are there personality maturational changes accross the lifespan

A
  • costa and McRaes - cross-sectional study
    looked at young adults v Middle Ages adults, N,E,O average higher in adolescents.
22
Q

personality - is personality stable across situations

A

demonstrate power of the situation in personality

  • asch - compliance
  • milgram - obedience to authority
  • zimbardo
  • moscovici - group polarisation
23
Q

personality - is there a 6th dimension of personality

A

Cheung et al 1996,
china has different traits that emerge than traits translated from american/English cultures.

interpersonal relatedness

24
Q

locus of control - define locus of control

A

an individuals perception about the underlying main causes of events in their life.

external -> down to fate or god
internal -> down to what you do to cause it.

25
Q

locus of control - social inference & attribution

A

attribution -> process which people explain the behaviour of themselves or others.

attribution theory -> how people attribute causes to events.

26
Q

locus of control - outline what Heider 1944 looked at

A
  • interested in social perception and phenomenal causality.

disposition -> traits, IQ, attitudes - internal

situation -> external pressures like social Norms, peer pressure - external

27
Q

locus of control - how does Rotter 1966 define LOC.

A
  • the extent an individual feels in control of what happens to them and the extent they can affect life.
  • LoC is a personality trait.
28
Q

locus of control - discuss LoC in a clinical setting
Harrow - psychiatric

A

Harrow et al. 2009 - psychiatric patients
- significant relationship between ‘externalising’ and psychosis.
- suicidal patients have strong external LoC

29
Q

locus of control - explain in terms of gender & culture
zaidi and Mohsin 2013 - student in Pakistan

A
  • examined LoC and self esteem
  • men scored higher than women in internal LoC items
  • women scored higher than men in external LoC
30
Q

locus of control - biases such as the self serving bias

A
  • a persons tendency to attribute their success to internal factors and attribute their failures to external factors beyond their control.

most show the SSB, but those with clinical depression are polar opposite.

this protects self esteem.

31
Q

locus of control - is it more complex than self attributing.

A

many people self attribute causality, and many people also do it for others.

32
Q

locus of control - what is the covariation model

A

Kelley 1967

consensus, consistency and distinctiveness influence attribution to internal/external

consensus -> if behaviour is uniform it is attributed to be situational.

consistency -> if behaviour is consistent across events attribution is dispositional (x is always bored, but could be only when talking to you)

distinctiveness -> If behaviour is distinctive attribution is situational .

33
Q

locus of control - discuss Weiner 1974

A

1) locus of attribution - internal v external
2) stability - do causal factors change overtime
- ability is stable
- effort in unstable
3) controllability - the extent casual factors are under the control of someone.

34
Q

locus of control - is cognitive laziness a complication

A

-> heuristsics are cognitive shortcuts that mean we don’t have to bother thinking.
we get used to attributional factors and how they allow us to make inferences about causality.

4010 Key areas of psych (4 decks)

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