Indigenouse

Question 1

revitalize

Answer 1

re‧vi‧tal‧ize ( also revitalise British English ) / rivaɪt ə laɪz / verb [ transitive ]

to put new strength or power into something → revive :
They hope to revitalize the neighborhood by providing better housing.
a revitalizing massage

— revitalization / rivaɪt ə laɪzeɪʃ ə n $ -tl-ə- / noun [ uncountable ]

Question 2

efficacy

Answer 2

ef‧fi‧ca‧cy / efəkəsi, efɪkəsi / noun [ uncountable + of ]
formal the ability of something to produce the right result SYN effectiveness OPP inefficacy

Question 3

institutionalized

Answer 3

in‧sti‧tu‧tion‧al‧ized AC ( also institutionalised British English ) / ɪnstə’tjuʃ ə nəlaɪzd, ɪnstɪ’tjuʃ ə nəlaɪzd $ -tu- / adjective
1 institutionalized attitudes and behaviour have existed for a long time in an organization and have become accepted as normal even though they are bad
institutionalized racism/sexism etc
institutionalized corruption within the state
2 someone who has become institutionalized has lived for a long time in a prison, mental hospital etc and now cannot easily live outside one
3 forming part of a society or system :
institutionalised democracy

Question 4

self-governing

Answer 4

self-governing adjective
a country or organization that is self-governing is controlled by its own members rather than by someone from another country or organization :
self-governing states

— self-government noun [ uncountable ]

Question 5

collaborative

Answer 5

col‧lab‧o‧ra‧tive / kəlæb ə rətɪv $ -reɪ- / adjective
collaborative effort/work/project etc a job or piece of work that involves two or more people working together to achieve something

Question 6

demonstrate

Answer 6

dem‧on‧strate S3 W2 AC / demənstreɪt / verb

1 [ transitive ] to show or prove something clearly :
The study demonstrates the link between poverty and malnutrition.
demonstrate that
Hitchcock’s films demonstrate that a British filmmaker could learn from Hollywood.
demonstrate how/what/why etc
This section will attempt to demonstrate how the Bank of England operates.
The government now has an opportunity to demonstrate its commitment to reform.
2 [ transitive ] to show or describe how to do something or how something works
demonstrate how
They’ll be demonstrating how to handle modern, high performance cars.
Instructors should demonstrate new movements before letting the class try them.
3 [ intransitive ] to protest or support something in public with a lot of other people :
Supporters demonstrated outside the courtroom during the trial.
demonstrate against
What are they demonstrating against?
4 [ transitive ] to show that you have a particular ability, quality, or feeling :
He has demonstrated an ability to meet deadlines.

Question 7

initiative

Answer 7

i‧ni‧tia‧tive S3 W2 AC / ɪnɪʃətɪv / noun

1 decisions [ uncountable ] the ability to make decisions and take action without waiting for someone to tell you what to do :
I wish my son would show more initiative .
Don’t keep asking me for advice. Use your initiative .
Lt. Carlos was not obeying orders. He acted on his own initiative (= he was not told what to do ) .
2 plan [ countable ] an important new plan or process to achieve a particular aim or to solve a particular problem :
a government initiative to help exporters
an education initiative
initiative for
a new initiative for peace in the Middle East
3 control the initiative if you have or take the initiative, you are in a position to control a situation and decide what to do next :
Why don’t you take the initiative and ask him out?
Politicians need to seize the initiative from the terrorists.
The government must not lose the initiative in the fight against terrorism.
4 law [ countable ] law a process by which ordinary citizens can officially suggest a change in the law by signing a petition

THESAURUS

plan a set of actions for achieving something in the future, especially a set of actions that has been considered carefully and in detail : Leaders outlined a plan to end the fighting.
plot/conspiracy a secret plan to do something bad or illegal, made by a group of people : There was a plot to assassinate the President. | a terrorist conspiracy
scheme British English an official plan that is intended to help people : The government has introduced a new scheme to help young people find work.
strategy a carefully designed plan which is intended to achieve a particular purpose over a long period of time : the company’s business strategy | The government’s economic strategy has been criticized by many experts. | We need to develop effective strategies for combating the sale of counterfeit goods.
initiative a new plan for dealing with a particular problem or for achieving a particular aim : a peace initiative | a major new initiative to tackle street crime
policy a plan that members of a government, political party, company etc agree on, that states how they intend to deal with a particular subject or problem : the government’s immigration policy | It’s company policy to allow people to work from home.
programme British English , program American English a series of activities that a government or organization organizes, which aims to achieve something important and will continue for a long time : a five-year programme which will create 2000 new jobs | federal programs for low-income housing

Question 8

context

Answer 8

con‧text S2 W2 AC / kɒntekst $ kɑn- / noun [ uncountable and countable ]

1 the situation, events, or information that are related to something and that help you to understand it
political/social/historical etc context
the political context of the election
place/put/see etc something in context
To appreciate what these changes will mean, it is necessary to look at them in context .
in the context of something
These incidents are best understood in the broader context of developments in rural society.
2 the words that come just before and after a word or sentence and that help you understand its meaning :
The meaning of ‘mad’ depends on its context.
3 take/quote something out of context to repeat part of what someone has said or written without describing the situation in which it was said, so that it means something quite different :
His comments, taken out of context, seem harsh.

COLLOCATIONS

adjectives
the social/political/historical etc context You often need to understand the cultural context of jokes.
a wider/broader/larger context (= a more general situation, set of events etc ) It’s important to look at the story in the wider context of medieval Spain.
an international/European/British etc context We study the work of these artists in their European context.
a general context This problem is occurring within a general context of economic difficulty.

verbs
see something in the context of something (= consider and understand something in relation to a particular situation ) His life and work must be seen in the context of his youth.
look at/examine etc something in context Although this does not seem to be a good result, let’s examine it in context.
put something in/into context (= consider something in context ) These statistics need to be put into context.
place/set something in context (= consider something in context ) The issue must be placed within its historical context.
provide a context for something The study provides a context for future research.

Question 9

treaty

Answer 9

treat‧y W2 / triti / noun ( plural treaties )

[ countable ] a formal written agreement between two or more countries or governments :
Both sides have agreed to sign the treat y.
The peace treaty ends nearly four years of violence.
treaty on
a treaty on political union

COLLOCATIONS

verbs
sign a treaty India refused to sign the treaty.
conclude a treaty formal (= successfully finish arranging it ) In 1875 Japan and Russia concluded a treaty.
negotiate a treaty (= discuss the conditions of a treaty with other people in order to reach an agreement ) He was instructed to negotiate a treaty with Siam.
ratify a treaty (= make it official by signing it or accepting it ) The Government cannot ratify the treaty without Parliament’s consent.

ADJECTIVES/NOUN + treaty
a peace treaty Jordan signed a peace treaty with Israel.
a draft treaty (= one that has been written but not yet signed ) The committee produced a draft treaty on arms limitation.
an extradition treaty (= one which says that people can be brought back to a country for trial ) The United States has had an extradition treaty with Mexico since 1978.
an international treaty The US refused to sign any international treaty on cutting carbon emissions.
a bilateral treaty (= one signed by two countries ) Uzbekistan and Russia signed a bilateral treaty of friendship.
the Versailles/Maastricht etc treaty (= a treaty signed in a particular city ) Britain’s ratification of the Maastricht treaty looked set for further delay.

phrases
the terms/provisions of a treaty Under the terms of the treaty, the two sides agreed to a ceasefire.
the treaty of Versailles/Rome etc (= a treaty signed in a particular city ) Restrictive trading agreements are prohibited by the Treaty of Rome.

Question 10

in advance of

Answer 10

ahead of in time or space; before.

Question 11

proponents

Answer 11

pro‧po‧nent / prəpəʊnənt $ -poʊ- / noun [ countable ]

someone who supports something or persuades people to do something SYN advocate → opponent
proponent of
Steinem has always been a strong proponent of women’s rights.
leading/main/major proponent
Dr George is one of the leading proponents of this view.

Question 12

advisory

Answer 12

ad‧vi‧so‧ry 1 / ədvaɪz ə ri / adjective

having the purpose of giving advice
advisory committee/body
the Environmental Protection Advisory Committee
advisory role/capacity
He was employed in a purely advisory role.

Question 13

affect

Answer 13

af‧fect S2 W1 AC / əfekt / verb [ transitive ]

1 to do something that produces an effect or change in something or in someone’s situation :
the areas affected by the hurricane
a disease that affects the central nervous system
decisions which affect our lives
Trading has been adversely affected by the downturn in consumer spending.
2 [ usually passive ] to make someone feel strong emotions :
We were all deeply affected by her death.
3 formal to pretend to have a particular feeling, way of speaking etc :
As usual, Simon affected complete boredom.
He used to affect a foreign accent.

Question 14

adapt

Answer 14

a‧dapt W3 / ədæpt / verb

1 [ intransitive and transitive ] to gradually change your behaviour and attitudes in order to be successful in a new situation
adapt to
The children are finding it hard to adapt to the new school.
flowers which are well adapted to harsh winters
The ability to adapt is a definite asset in this job.
adapt yourself/itself etc (to something)
How do these insects adapt themselves to new environments?
2 [ transitive ] to change something to make it suitable for a different purpose
adapt something to do something
The car has been adapted to take unleaded gas.
adapt something for somebody
These teaching materials can be adapted for older children.
3 [ transitive usually passive ] if a book or play is adapted for film, television etc, it is changed so that it can be made into a film, television programme etc → adaptation
be adapted for something
Many children buy books after they have been adapted for television.

— adapted adjective :
She lives in a specially adapted flat.

THESAURUS

to change something
change to make someone or something different : Unfortunately, there’s nothing we can do to change the situation. | Being at college has changed her – she’s much more confident now.
alter especially written tochange something so that it is better or more suitable : You can alter the colour and size of the image using a remote control. | Can we alter the date of the meeting?
adapt to change something slightly in order to improve it or make it more suitable : How much would it cost to adapt the existing equipment? | You can adapt the recipe to suit your own requirements.
adjust to make small changes in the position or level of something in order to improve it or make it more suitable : How do you adjust the volume on the television? | He adjusted his tie in the mirror.
modify especially written to make small changes to something such as a piece of equipment, a set of ideas, or a way of behaving in order to improve it or use it in a different way : He’s modified his opinions since then. | a modified version of the original program.
reform to change a law, system, organization etc so that it is fairer or more effective : plans to reform the tax system | Health care needs to be completely reformed.
revise to change a plan, idea, law etc because of new information and ideas : In July, China revised the rules for foreign investment. | The findings could force the scientists to revise their ideas about climate change.
reorganize to change the way that a system or organization works : We’ve had to reorganize our database | During the 1980s, the government reorganized the civil service.
restructure to make big changes to the way something is organized, especially a large political or economic system or a big company, in order to make it more effective : The company has been restructured from top to bottom.

Question 15

adaptation

Answer 15

ad‧ap‧ta‧tion AC / ædæpteɪʃ ə n / ( also a‧dap‧tion / ədæpʃ ə n / ) noun

1 [ countable ] a film or television programme that is based on a book or play
adaptation of
the BBC adaptation of the best-selling book
television/film/stage etc adaptation
He’s working on a screen adaptation of his latest novel.
2 [ uncountable ] formal the process of changing something to make it suitable for a new situation
adaptation to
adaptation to the environment

Question 16

role

Answer 16

role S2 W1 AC / rəʊl $ roʊl / noun [ countable ]

1 the way in which someone or something is involved in an activity or situation, and how much influence they have on it
role in
women’s role in society
the role of diet in the prevention of disease
role of
They want to limit the role of government.
2 the character played by an actor in a play or film SYN part
role of
Matthews plays the role of a young doctor suspected of murder.
the lead/leading/starring role (= the most important role )
A young actor named Johnny Depp was given the leading role.
major/minor role
It was Johansson’s first major movie role.
the title role (= the role of the character whose name is in the title of a film or play )
The film features Paul Schofield in the title role.
3 role reversal a situation in which two people, especially a man and a woman, each do what is traditionally expected of the other

COLLOCATIONS

verbs
play/have a role He played a prominent role in the company’s success.
take on a role ( also assume a role formal ) (= start having it ) Mr Jones took on the role of spokesperson for the organization.
take a role Britain began to take a more active role in the affairs of Europe.
give somebody a role Health experts should be given a key role in developing the correct procedures.
cast somebody in a role written (= give someone a role, especially one they do not want ) He found himself cast in the role of guide and translator.

adjectives
an important/major role She played an important role in her husband’s political career.
a key/central role The report recognized the key role of teachers.
a vital/crucial/essential role Every member of the team has a vital role to play.
an active role (= when you do practical things to achieve particular aims ) She took an active role in the community.
a leading role (= the most important role ) They take a leading role in discussions.
a significant role Technology is already playing a significant role in classroom teaching.
a prominent role The military has played a prominent role in Burmese politics.
a dual role (= when someone or something does two things ) People have dual roles in society as producers and consumers.
sb’s traditional role (= one based on ideas that have existed for a long time, without changing ) Some women are happy with their traditional role as carers.

COLLOCATIONS

verbs
play a role She was the first actress to play the role of Peter Pan.
have a role His son has a small role in the series.
take a role In the end, I decided not to take the role.
land a role (= be given a role ) In 1982 he landed a role in the musical ‘Destry Rides Again’.
cast somebody in a role (= give them a role ) Television producers would not cast her in lead roles.

adjectives
a major/big role It was his first major role.
a minor/small role He has had small roles in several other films.
the lead/leading role (= the most important role ) He had already cast Tom Hanks in the lead role.
a starring role (= one of the most important roles ) She was offered the starring role in a new British stage comedy.
the title role (= the role of the character whose name is the title of the film or play ) She will play the title role in ‘Emma’ later this year.
a supporting role (= not one of the main roles ) Lee has a supporting role as Judy’s best friend,
a comic role She admits she is attracted to comic roles.

Question 17

latter

Answer 17

lat‧ter 1 W2 / lætə $ -ər / noun
the latter formal the second of two people or things just mentioned OPP former :
Where unemployment and crime are high, it can be assumed that the latter is due to the former.

Question 18

regime

Answer 18

re‧gime W2 AC / reɪʒim / noun [ countable ]

1 a government, especially one that was not elected fairly or that you disapprove of for some other reason :
The regime got rid of most of its opponents.
military/totalitarian/fascist regime
brutal/oppressive/corrupt regime
2 a particular system – used especially when talking about a previous system, or one that has just been introduced
under a regime
Under the new regime, all sheep and cattle will be regularly tested for disease.
3 a special plan of food, exercise etc that is intended to improve your health SYN regimen :
a dietary regime

COLLOCATIONS

adjectives
a political regime All political regimes attempt to manipulate the media.
a military regime The military regime arrrested anyone who dared to speak against it.
a totalitarian regime (= in which people are totally controlled by a government that is not elected ) Totalitarian regimes ban books they disapprove of.
an authoritarian regime (= with very strong control ) The post-war authoritarian regimes of eastern Europe have been replaced by democratically elected governments.
a communist regime the collapse of communist regimes in eastern Europe
a fascist regime Mussolini ‘s fascist regime in Italy
a democratic regime the establishment of a liberal democratic regime
an oppressive/repressive regime (= powerful, cruel, and unfair ) That country was held fast in the grip of an oppressive regime.
a brutal regime (= cruel and violent ) Many asylum seekers have fled from brutal regimes.
a corrupt regime (= dishonest ) Much of the aid that the Americans sent lined the pockets of his corrupt regime.

verbs
overthrow/topple a regime (= remove it from power ) In 1979, Tanzanian forces overthrew the regime of Ugandan dictator Idi Amin.
oppose a regime (= fight or compete against it ) People who opposed the regime were executed in a wave of political violence.
a regime comes to power He criticised European leaders for supporting a regime that came to power through violence.
a regime collapses/falls (= loses power ) Authoritarian regimes tend to collapse in times of economic hardship.

THESAURUS

government [ uncountable and countable ] the group of people who govern a country or the system they use to govern it : The French government did not sign the agreement. | a democratic system of government
administration [ countable ] the government of a country, especially one such as the US, which is led by a president : the Kennedy administration | the problems left by the previous adminstration
regime [ countable ] a government, especially one that was not elected fairly or that you disapprove of : Most people opposed the apartheid regime.
the executive [ singular ] the part of the government that makes sure that laws and decisions work well : the separation of powers between the executive, the legislature, and the judiciary
democracy [ uncountable and countable ] a political system in which everyone can vote to choose the government, or a country that has this system : The transition to democracy has not been easy. | In a democracy, people have freedom of speech.
republic [ countable ] a country that has an elected government, and is led by a president, not a king or queen : Mauritius became a republic in 1992.
monarchy [ uncountable and countable ] / mɒnəki $ mɑnərki / the system of having a king or queen as the head of state, or a country that has this system : Some monarchies have elected governments. | controversy about the institution of monarchy

Question 19

reductionist

Answer 19

re‧duc‧tion‧is‧m / rɪdʌkʃ ə nɪz ə m / noun [ uncountable ] formal
when someone tries to explain complicated ideas or systems in very simple terms – often used to show disapproval

— reductionist adjective

Question 20

former

Answer 20

for‧mer 1 S2 W1 / fɔmə $ fɔrmər / adjective [ only before noun ]

1 happening or existing before, but not now → present , previous :
the former Soviet Union
Their farm has been reduced to half its former size.
2 having a particular position in the past SYN ex- → present :
my former husband
former President Clinton
3 in former times/years in the past
4 somebody/sth’s former self what someone or something was like before they were changed by age, illness, trouble etc :
She seems more like her former self.
be a shadow/ghost of your former self (= be much less confident, healthy, energetic etc than you used to be )
The team’s a shadow of its former self.

THESAURUS

previous [ only before noun ] used when talking about a person, thing, time etc before the one that you are talking about now : The car’s previous owner didn’t take very good care of it. | Please ignore my previous instructions. | The temperature is higher than in previous years.
last [ only before noun ] used when talking about the one that you had just before now, or the one that existed just before now : The last apartment we lived in was much smaller than this one. | Ben’s last girlfriend was a teacher. | Beth broke up with her last boyfriend because he drank too much.
old [ only before noun ] used when talking about people you knew or things you had in the past, or about things that existed in the past and have been replaced by newer things : I never liked my old boss. | I saw Phil with one of my old girlfriends. | The new stadium is much bigger than the old one. | He was my old maths teacher.
preceding [ only before noun ] formal coming just before the time or thing you have just mentioned, or before the part of a book where you are now : There were fewer crimes compared to the preceding year. | The author dealt with this subject in the preceding chapters of the book. | In the preceding section of the poem, Whitman is talking about how important it is to live in the present.
former [ only before noun ] formal used to describe someone or something that used to have a particular job or position but does not any more : her former husband | the former US President | Kyoto was the former capital of Japan.
ex-wife/boyfriend/soldier etc someone who used to be someone’s wife, used to be a soldier etc, but is not any more : Her dad’s an ex-policeman. | Lydia is still friends with her ex-husband.
the one before the person or thing that existed before the one you have just mentioned : I didn’t enjoy Spielberg’s last film but I thought the one before was all right. | Each year, the convention is a little larger than the one before.

Question 21

continuance

Answer 21

con‧tin‧u‧ance / kəntɪnjuəns / noun [ singular, uncountable ] formal
the state of continuing for a long period of time :
the continuance in power of the Nationalist Party

Question 22

colonial

Answer 22

co‧lo‧ni‧al 1 / kələʊniəl $ -loʊ- / adjective
1 relating to a country that controls and rules other countries, usually ones that are far away → colony :
the struggle against colonial rule
Britain was the largest colonial power .
2 made in a style that was common in the US in the 18th century :
a large colonial house
3 relating to the US when it was under British rule :
The town was first established in colonial times.

Question 23

indoctrinating

Answer 23

in‧doc‧tri‧nate / ɪndɒktrəneɪt, ɪndɒktrɪneɪt $ ɪndɑk- / verb [ transitive ]

to train someone to accept a particular set of beliefs, especially political or religious ones, and not consider any others :
People were indoctrinated not to question their leaders.

— indoctrination / ɪndɒktrəneɪʃ ə n, ɪndɒktrɪneɪʃ ə n $ ɪndɑk- / noun [ uncountable ] :
The military in particular were subjected to intense political indoctrination.

Question 24

irreconcilable

Answer 24

ir‧rec‧on‧ci‧la‧ble / ɪrekənsaɪləb ə l◂ / adjective
1 irreconcilable positions etc are so strongly opposed to each other that it is not possible for them to reach an agreement
irreconcilable differences/conflicts
The differences between the landowners and the conservationists were irreconcilable from the start.
2 if two beliefs or ideas are irreconcilable, it is not possible to believe both of them
irreconcilable with
This belief was irreconcilable with the Church’s doctrine of salvation.
3 irreconcilable differences strong disagreements between two people who are married, given as a legal reason for getting a divorce