Indigenous Peoples PA and Colonial Encounters Flashcards
What year was the indian act and give 3 examples of what indigenous cultural practices it banned
1876
-sundance ceremony (central plains)
-dancing at powwows
-potlatch (pacific coast)
what is a potlatch
a ceremony in which wealth or valuable items were giving away or destroyed to demonstrate a leaders wealth and power
what is always present in indigenous physical activities
indigenous culture
what are 2 common indigenous cultural features
-connection to the land
-oral traditions
give 3 examples of games of chance
-dice games
-bones and sticks games
-moccasin
what are games of chance in the indigenous culture
recreational rather than about physical skill or strength
-used to have fun
-not solely about luck (many involve skill and are very complex)
what is the idea behind indigenous games of strength, speed, and endurance
about being on the land and developing the endurance and strength for hunting
-also means of friendly athletic competition
-promote important skills and qualities deemed valuable to the way of life
what are 3 examples of indigenous games of skill
-ball games
-ball and stick games
-games with hoops and poles
how did different indigenous groupds games of skill vary
each community used its own style, rules, and equipment, guided by specific cultural beliefs and practices
in the early 19th century, how did the cultural exhange begin
-european fur traders were welcomed to join large community gatherings
-PA was a cultural practice during
-over time, european cultural practices were incorporat
ed into these gatherings
-incorporation of european notions of competition and prizes as motivation
what was the typical narrative of lacrosse
-training ground for war
-extremely violent where men were maimed or killed
-Canadas national sport
what is the settler-colonial history of lacross
-large teams of indigenous warriors
-many aspects of sports history have been passed on as folklore
-kept young ment fit and strong for war and hunting
-support social conformity and honour the gods
what is the indigenous anrrative of the meaning of lacross
-a medicine game
-means to bring communities together (to celebrate the changes in seasons)
-a means to settle disputes
how did indigenous males affect the french canadian males
provided an alternative model of masculinaty
-french settlers emulated indigenous masculinity
-sharing cultural practices (canoeing, snowshoeing and hunting learned and performed alongside indigenous peoples)
Who is George Beers
Montreal born dentist and Canadian Natinoalist
-prime mover in organizing and popularizing the contemporary lacross
to turn lacross from a pastime to a sport what did George Beers do
colonized its indigenous past
-eliminate foreign influence
-need for a nation history/mythology to be consciously constructed
-turned to baggataway
what year was the lords day alliance created
1888
why was Lords Day Alliance create
concerned with dwindling church attendance and the impacts of industrialization and urbanization, and (non-protestant) immigration
who lobbied the lords day alliance and why
federal government for legislation
-to protect the sabbath
the lords day alliance was an attack on what groups of people
working class
non christian canadians
indigenous communitities
What was the terms of the lords day act
it was not lawful for any person on this to engage in public game or contest for gain, or for any prize or reward to be present
-to be engaged or present at any performance or public meeting anywhere else than in a church (where a fee is charged)
as early as what years did authorities begin to challenge sunday matches and where
1916-12
-Ahkwesashne
Many organizations attempted to stop sunday lacross games in Haudenosaunee communities (cause of lords day act), how did they respond
they openly defied the federal law by continuing to host the popular exhibitions
how was lacrosse more than just lacrosse, what else did it act as while the lords day act was a thing
a performative protest
-sunday lacrosse games went well beyond simple athletic contests held for non-indigenous audiences
-they were a conscious attempt by a select group within six nations to assert not only haudenosaunee autonomy but also their complete sovereignty
what does sovereignty mean
supreme power especially over a politically organized unit
what were longhouses
where people lived and worked in and aroun them
-each one would shelter one family often creating a multigenerational household with extended family
-they would be extended in size as needed
how did the controversy end from the lords day act
-haudenosaunees assertion that crown officers no jurisdiction on the reserve cause of their treat status as a sovereign community
-ontario goverment decided not to protest but still warned against it
what treaty belogns to the area of banff national park/bow river valley and what year
treaty 7
-1877
the area of Banff national park/bow river valley is the home, hunting, fishing etc. grounds for what 8 indigenous groups
-nakoda
-ktunaxa
-tsuu t’ina
-piikani
-siksika
-kanai
-secwépemc
-members fo the Cree nations
what brought other indigenous groups to the Banff Nation Park/bow river valley as part of what
arrival of the fur trade and european contact brought
what is the relationship between between the indigienous communitites and hot springs
they hold important significance for them
-for medical and healing purposes as well as for ceremony
what brought the europeans to the region of banff.. and what did they bring with them
fur trade
-smallpox and other diseases
in 1885, the reserve in the region of banff surrounded what and what happened to it around 1887
1885
-surrounding Cave and Basin mineral hot springs
1887
-expanded and established as Rocky Mountains Park *Canadas first national park
what was canadas first national park
Rocky Mountinas Park
in 1885 a pass system introduced throughout Canada to what
monitor and restrict migration of indigenous peoples
many indigenous peoples of what group ignored new park and continued with what and why
Nakoda
-continued seasonal hunting
-their right affirmed by the Treaty 7 agreement
what did hunting practices motivate when it comes to parks
the earliest wildlife regulations in National Parks
-europeans blamed indigenous peoples for the lack of big game (at time when visitors to the park were incresing-railway)
what were officials recommending to do about Indigenous peoples from the national parks
permanently banning them
the regultions surroinded hunting and national parks was really designed for what
to sustain the region as a sporting and recreational playground
-rather than to preserve a healthy ecosystem
-indigenous peoples who hunted for subsistence suffered in favour of those who hunted for sport
why were indigenous communities displaced when it comes to natinoal parks
becuase the hunting practices that sustained them were made illegal
in 1909 what was into=roduced to naitonal park
game wardens
in what year did the Rocky Mountains Park expand
1902
in 1912 CPR begins a widespread promotion of what and why
fishing and hunting in the region of Rock Mountains Park
-means to attract tourists (rail passengers)
In 1930, Rocky Mountains Park was renamed to what and what act was enacted
Banff National Park
-Nation Parks Act enacted
the governement and organizations promoted Banff as a tourist site, and the new tourist focused uses of the hot springs were what to the indigenous communitites
stood in direct opposition to the ways they used them
James B harking was the first comissioner of what and what year
Dominion Parks Branch
-1911
who was the first comissioner fo the dominion Parks branch
James B Harkin
What did James B harkin do in regards to naitonal parks system and believed what
expanded them
-parks should have an economical foundation and supported tourism development throughout Canadian protected areas
-perpetuated idea of parks as untamed wildnerness
What was the National Parks Act and when was it established
1930
-parks to be land left for future generations
-ended widspread resource extraction (mining and logging) and limitied toursts recreactional practices
who perpetuated the idea of parks being untamed wilderness
James B Harkin
in the late 19th century, what groups of people caompaigned for the expansion of nation park system rather than who
local governmets, recreational groups, and trouism entrepreneurs
-conservationsists
In 1888 what was built by CPR
Banff Springs Hotel
Banff Springs Hotel was a facility that CPR promoted as what
an elite tourist destination
Prime Minister Macdonald wanted Banff Springs Hotel to be what
analogous to a European spa town
in 1930, 88% of park visitors arrived to banff how
by car
although the Banff Springs Hotel was initially established as an elite tourist destination what helped it transform into what
intro of the automobile
-transformed into a place that also catered to middle class tourists
-accommodate mass of tourism of coming decades
How was Banff seen as an Indigenous employment opportunity
They were displaced from their traditional activities and sufferiing economically so some joined this new toursit economy
-new land well
what year is a powerful example of an era in which Indigenous peopels efforts to shape their physical activities and highlight their fight to what
1970s
-revitalize and restore their traditions and cultures into their contemporary lives
examination of indigenous PA is not just relevant to the times and people of long ago but what is it for the modern day
a platform for understanding modern-day and future physical activity practices
