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LSAT Vocab > indictators > Flashcards

indictators Flashcards

1
Q

thus

A

conclusion

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2
Q

because

A

premise / specifier

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3
Q

since

A

premise / specifier

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4
Q

for

A

premise / specifier

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5
Q

therefore

A

conclusion

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6
Q

for the reason that

A

premise

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7
Q

hence

A

conclusion

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8
Q

in that

A

premise

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9
Q

consequently

A

conclusion

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10
Q

given that

A

premise

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11
Q

as a result

A

conclusion

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12
Q

as indicted by

A

premise

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13
Q

due to

A

premise

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14
Q

so

A

conclusion

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15
Q

accordingly

A

conclusion

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16
Q

due to

A

premise

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17
Q

it follows that

A

conclusion

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18
Q

furthermore

A

additional premise

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19
Q

it must be that

A

conclusion

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20
Q

shows that

A

conclusion

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21
Q

for this reason

A

conclusion

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22
Q

for example

A

premise

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23
Q

for this reason

A

conclusion

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24
Q

as indicated by

A

premise

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25
Q

owing to

A

premise

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26
Q

this can be seen from

A

premise

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27
Q

we know this by

A

premise

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28
Q

moreover

A

additional premise

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29
Q

besides

A

additional premise

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30
Q

What’s more

A

additional premise

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31
Q

After all

A

additional/Counter premise

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32
Q

Yet

A

premise

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33
Q

but

A

premise

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34
Q

However

A

Counter premise

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35
Q

On the other hand

A

Counter premise

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36
Q

Admittedly

A

Counter premise

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37
Q

In contrast

A

Counter premise

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38
Q

although/ even though

A

Counter premise

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39
Q

Whereas

A

Counter premise

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40
Q

Despite

A

Counter premise

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41
Q

Every/ most/ all

A

quantity premise

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42
Q

Some/several/few

A

quantity premise

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43
Q

Sole/ only/ not all

A

quantity premise

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44
Q

In addition

A

additional premise / specifier

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45
Q

Still

A

Counter premise

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46
Q

In spite of

A

Counter premise

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47
Q

must

A

certainty / power player

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48
Q

will

A

certainty

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49
Q

always

A

probability

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50
Q

not always

A

probability indic

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51
Q

as

A

specifier

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52
Q

by

A

specifier

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53
Q

as

A

specifier / premise

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54
Q

if

A

specifier

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55
Q

in

A

specifier

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56
Q

after

A

specifier

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57
Q

on

A

specifier

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58
Q

that

A

specifer

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59
Q

of

A

specifier

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60
Q

between

A

specifier

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61
Q

when

A

specifier

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62
Q

while

A

specifier

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63
Q

who

A

specifier

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64
Q

required

A

necessary condition

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65
Q

depends on

A

necessary condition

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66
Q

have to

A

necessary condition

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67
Q

essential

A

necessary condition

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68
Q

only if

A

necessary condition

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69
Q

if but only if

A

binconditional

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70
Q

biconditionals

A

all and only, but not otherwise, when and only when, if but/and only if

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71
Q

all and only

A

bicondiitonal

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72
Q

but not otherwise

A

biconditional

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73
Q

when and only when

A

biconditional

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74
Q

either/or = to

A

if not this then that

sufficient condition must be negated with necessary condition not negated

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75
Q

if not this then that

A

inclusion indictor

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76
Q

or

A

inclusion

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77
Q

either

A

inclusion

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78
Q

either/or

A

inclusion

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79
Q

no, none nobody, never

A

exclusion

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80
Q

exclusion indicates

A

necessary condition must be negated while sufficient is not negated (opposite of either/or)

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81
Q

diagramming “unless”

A

1 throw what comes after “unless” in the necessary condition (must be negated) –> - N
2 the other half put in sufficient position
S –> - N

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82
Q

unless indicators

A

except
until
without

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83
Q

“some” indictators

A

few, many, at least one, several

means 1% to 100%

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84
Q

not all, not every

A

some are not

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85
Q

usually

A

most indic

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86
Q

probably

A

most + probability indic

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87
Q

mostly

A

most indic

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88
Q

more often than not

A

most indic

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89
Q

most means %

A

51% to 100% of the time

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90
Q

“most” negates to

A

some

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91
Q

valid inferences come from

A

two interlocking points or “most” of the same sufficient/premise indicator
that connect to two different necessary condition

A->B
A->C
= some B are C

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92
Q

invalid inference

A

when the some or most inferences are at the end of the chain

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93
Q

cause

A

casual reasoning

94
Q

responsible for

A

casual reasoing

95
Q

produced by

A

casual reasoning

96
Q

result of

A

casual

97
Q

factor

A

casual reasoning

98
Q

leads to

A

casual reasoning

99
Q

product

A

casual reasoning

100
Q

effect

A

causal reasoning

101
Q

cannot

A

certainty / power player

102
Q

could

A

possibility / power player

103
Q

not must

A

not necessarily (possibility) / power player

104
Q

“must/cannot” conclusions

A

huge burden of proof

need powerful premise to back up “must” conclusion

easy to attack

must: 100% true
cannot: NEVER

105
Q

“could” conclusion is

A

easy to prove possibility premises to prove conclusion

(need strong loophole)

1 to 100% = possible/not impossible

106
Q

not necessarily conclusion

A

need possibility premises to prove conclusion

(need strong loophole)

0% to 99% = not must/does not have to be true

107
Q

loophole can’t conflict with

A

premise

108
Q

must be true equivalent

A

cannot be false

109
Q

could be true equiv

A

not necessarily false

110
Q

cannot b true equiv

A

must be false

111
Q

not necessarily true equiv

A

could be false

112
Q

not necessarily false equiv

A

could be true

113
Q

negation of must is

A

not necessarily

114
Q

negation of not necessarily

A

must

115
Q

negation of could is

A

cannot

116
Q

negation of cannot

A

could

117
Q

if the sufficient condition is absent, you can completely

A

ignore the necessary condition/statement

118
Q

all, any, anytime

A

suffificent indictator

119
Q

each, every, everytime

A

sufficient indicator

120
Q

if, in order to

A

sufficient indicator

121
Q

people who

A

sufficient indicator

122
Q

when, whenever

A

sufficient indicator

123
Q

precondition

A

necessary indicator

124
Q

only if

A

necessary indicator

125
Q

the what test

A

when you see an indicator

ask yourself

“what is the indicator referring to?”

if what?

each what?

what is required?

what is necessary?

have to what?

126
Q

seeing neither +/ nor

A

not this AND not that

127
Q

assumption chain

A

the sufficient condition -> valid conclusion -> necessary assumption

the necessary condition does not prove the conclusion

the sufficient condition does that**

128
Q

Loophole assumptions can be

A

negated necessary conditions

129
Q

negating the necessary assumption will

A

destroy the conclusion

130
Q

three commandments of the loophole

A
  1. do not negate the premises
  2. do not negate the conclusion
  3. the loophole is there, even if your loophole does not match one of answer choices there is one you haven’t think of yet
131
Q

super common loopholes are

A

dangling variable,
secret value judgments,
secret downsides, assumed universal goals

132
Q

dangling variable

A

new words that appear in the conclusion and not in the premise,

because if the author does not connect the premises and the conclusion exactly right, you cannot do it for them

“electronics” is no the same as “invention”

“better developed neural connections” is not the same as “greater influence in the brain

switch something up without you noticing by equating two things that are not the same

133
Q

secret value judgement

A

the author gets judgy in the conclusion, without defining what those words imply in the definitions. Words such as:

moral/immoral

should/shouldn’t

appropriate/inappropriate

prudent/imprudent

good/bad

right/wrong

in the conclusion

134
Q

secret downsides

A

author compares two things and says one of them is superior without giving you the full story,

your loophole will remind them of the downsides they are not considering.

ex:

The Volunteers for Literacy Program would benefit if Dolores takes Victor’s place as director, since Dolores is far more skillful than Victor is at securing the kind of financial support the program needs and Dolores does not have Victor’s propensity for alienating the program’s most dedicated volunteers.

loophole: what if Dolores have some major downsides in comparison to Victor that we’re not accounting for?

135
Q

assumed universal goals

A

goals that the author just assumes everyone would want such as:

losing weight, lowering cholesterol, making more money, being more successful, being healthier (not a complete list)

Never assume that it’s common knowledge for everyone to want one of these things

136
Q

omitted options are

A

causal relationship loopholes

137
Q

what are omitted options?

A

no relationship

backward causation

new factor causing one or both relationships

138
Q

3 ways to show “no relationship” in causal loophole

A

cause happened but the effect didn’t

effect happened but the cause did not

the study/survey/experiment is flawed

139
Q

backward causation

A

reverse causation,

the effect was indeed the cause

vs vice versa

140
Q

new factor

A

a third factor that caused one or

both things to happen

141
Q

types of stimulus

A

DAPP

Debate: two people speaking

Argument: conclusion supported by premise

Premise set: no conclusion and premise do not contradict one another

Paradox: premises contradict another, leading to odd conclusion

142
Q

debate

A

often occurred (but not every single time) when the first speaker introduce the topic and the second speaker follows with cryptic premise or two without a conclusion. Then you have to use your inference skills to complete the second speaker’s though for them.

143
Q

inference design

A

find the interlocking point and stick to the exact words of the stimulus

144
Q

controversy design

A
  1. Take an inference from the second speaker’s statement.

connect the second speaker’s premises
(and conclusion, if there is one) to the first speaker. This is your Second Speaker Inference

  1. Stick with a “whether” in front of your Second Speaker Inference and smooth out the language
145
Q

controversy pro tips

A

don’t always assume the second speaker is always disagreeing with the first speaker’s conclusion,

they can disagree with the premises (because this will also hurt the conclusion)

146
Q

resolution design

A
  1. Split up the two contradictory premises and put a Resolution in the middle

Premise 1,
BUT resolution,
so premise 2 (now conclusion)

  1. Fill in the Resolution with something that makes premise 1 naturally lead to premise 2.

The resolution bridge transform the paradox into an argument, they don’t have to yield 100% valid argument but the argument have to make sense

147
Q

Powerful questions require

A

powerful answers

148
Q

Powerful questions desire strongly worded
correct answers
that contains words
such as

A

all, none, every, only, every time, every, never required, always, whenever

149
Q

powerful ones out of CLIR

A

R + L

150
Q

Provable questions desire conservatively worded correct answers that contain words such as

A

could, can, at least, some, at least one, tend to, not all, varies, usually possible, not necessarily, possibly, sometimes, may

151
Q

you should always prefer blank type answer over a blank blank answer choice

A

conceptually provable answer choice over a misdirected, but provably-worded answer choice

152
Q

powerful-provable spectrum

A

Power and provability are inverses of one another.

The more provable an answer choice is, the less powerful it is. and vice versa

153
Q

GREAT answer choices regarding power-provable spectrum lie in

A

the EXTREMES of the powerful-provable spectrum.

154
Q

sHITTY answer choices lie in

A

the middle area of the powerful-provable spectrum

If an answer choice is neither powerful nor provable, it’s always wrong, no matter the question type.

155
Q

strengthen questions

A

Does this make the conclusion more likely to be true?

156
Q

weaken questions

A

does this make the conclusion less likely to be true?

157
Q

appeals to

A

looks to something to support their point

158
Q

purported

A

something that is claimed to be true, but not probably true

159
Q

apply

A

relevant

160
Q

corresponding

A

a similar thing in another situation (analogous)

161
Q

disanalogous

A

not similiar

162
Q

(pre)supposition/ (pre) suppose

A

assumption/ assume

163
Q

supposed

A

poorly assumed

164
Q

counterargument

A

an argument against a given point

165
Q

inconsistent statements

A

two statements that contradict one another

166
Q

proposition

A

a statement

167
Q

treats an X as a Y

A

pretends that X is Y

168
Q

“used to call to into question”

A

given as evidence against something

169
Q

“offered as support for”

A

given an evidence for something

170
Q

“it functions as analogue for”

A

its similar to something else

171
Q

primary, significant, crucial, significant, vital, pressing, foremost, paramount, imperative

A

important

172
Q

the best way, the surest way, least harmful, most efficient, least damaging

A

best way

173
Q

likely

A

probability

174
Q

would

A

probability indic

175
Q

could

A

probability

176
Q

“if” is

A

sufficient condition indicator

177
Q

“when/whenever” is

A

S.C. indicator

178
Q

“any” “all” is

A

s.c. indicator

179
Q

“every” blank.. is

A

sufficient condition indicator

180
Q

“people who” is

A

sufficient condition

181
Q

“in order to” is

A

sufficient condition indic

182
Q

“then” is

A

necessary condition indicator

183
Q

“only” is

A

necessary condition indicator

184
Q

“only if”

A

necessary condition indicator

185
Q

“unless” blank can be

A

necessary condition indicator

186
Q

“except” blank

A

necessary condition indicator

187
Q

“until” is

A

necessary condition indicator (another word for unless)

188
Q

“without” is

A

necessary condition indicator (another word for unless)

189
Q

“caused by”

A

causal indicator

190
Q

“because of”

A

causal indicator

191
Q

“responsible for”

A

causal indicator

192
Q

“reason for”

A

causal indicator

193
Q

“leads to”

A

causal indicator

194
Q

“induced by”

A

causal indicator

195
Q

“promoted by”

A

causal indicator

196
Q

“determined by”

A

causal indicator

197
Q

“produced by”

A

causal indicator

198
Q

“product of”

A

causal indicator

199
Q

“played a role in”

A

causal indicator

200
Q

“was a factor in”

A

causal indicator

201
Q

“was an effect of”

A

causal indicator

202
Q

“at least some”

A

some concept indicator

203
Q

“at least one”

A

some concept indicator

204
Q

“a few”

A

some concept indicator

205
Q

“a number”

A

some concept indicator

206
Q

“several”

A

some concept indicator

207
Q

“part of”

A

some concept indicator

208
Q

“a portion”

A

some concept indicator

209
Q

“many”

A

some concept indicator

210
Q

“most”

A

most concept indicator / formal logic relationship indicators

211
Q

“a majority”

A

most concept indicator

212
Q

“more than half”

A

most concept indicator

213
Q

“almost all”

A

most concept indicator

214
Q

“usually”

A

most concept indicator

215
Q

“some”

A

some concept indicator / formal logic relationship indicators

216
Q

“typically”

A

most concept indicator

217
Q

“none”

A

formal logic relationship indicators

218
Q

“some …”

A

formal logic relationship indicators

219
Q

“most are not”

A

formal logic relationship indicators

220
Q

“some are not”

A

formal logic relationship indicators

221
Q

“all”

A

formal logic relationship indicators

222
Q

“segment”

A

percentage indicator

223
Q

“share”

A

percentage indicator

224
Q

“the probability …”

A

percentage indicator

225
Q

“likelihood”

A

percentage indicator

226
Q

“incidence”

A

percentage indicator

227
Q

“ratio”

A

percentage indicator

228
Q

“fraction”

A

percentage indicator

229
Q

“proportion”

A

percentage indicator

230
Q

“percent”

A

percentage indicator

LSAT Vocab (5 decks)

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