Indian Nationalism- World History Flashcards
1
Q
World War I
broke up the
A
Ottoman Empire
2
Q
which controlled India, began
to show signs of cracking.
A
British Empire
3
Q
The weakening of these empires stirred nationalist
activity i
A
India, Turkey, and some Southwest Asian countries.
4
Q
Indian nationalism had been growing since the
A
1800’s
5
Q
Many upper-class Indians who attended British schools learned European views of nationalism and democracy. They began to apply these political ideas to their own country.
A
6
Q
Formed in 1885 for the liberation of Hindus
A
Indian National Congress
7
Q
Formed in 1906 for the liberation of Muslims
A
Muslim League
8
Q
They shared the heritage of British rule and an understanding of
democratic ideals. These two groups both worked toward the goal of independence from the British
A
9
Q
Why nationalism spread in India?
A
British promised self rule but after 1918, they were once again treated as second-class citizens that gave birth to radical
10
Q
When was the Rowlett Acts Passed?
A
1919
11
Q
Why are the Rowlett Acts Passed?
A
These laws
allowed the government to jail protesters without trial
for as long as two years. To Western-educated Indians,
denial of a trial by jury violated their individual rights.
12
Q
Amritsar Massacre
A
Protestors marched to the city of Amritsar, Punjab in 1919. At a huge festival in an enclosed square, they
intended to fast and pray and to listen to political
Nationalism in India and
Southwest Asia
▼ Ali Jinnah,
leader of the
Muslim League
of India, fought
for Indian
independence
from Great
Britain.
speeches. The demonstration, viewed as a nationalist outburst, alarmed the British.
They were especially concerned about the alliance of Hindus and Muslims. The people don’t know that public meetings are banned, However, the British commander at Amritsar believed
they were openly defying the ban. He ordered his troops to fire on the crowd without warning
13
Q
Casualty Report on massacre
A
400 dead and 1200 injured
14
Q
News of the slaughter, called the Amritsar Massacre, sparked an explosion of
anger across India. Almost overnight, millions of Indians changed from loyal
British subjects into nationalists. These Indians demanded independence
A
15
Q
Butcher of Amritsar
A
Reginald Dyer, who ordered shooting on Civilians
16
Q
Mohandas K. Gandhi
A
leader of the independence movement
17
Q
Gandhi’s strategy for independence
A
His teachings
blended ideas from all of the major world religions, including Hinduism,
Jainism, Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity. Gandhi attracted millions of followers.
Soon they began calling him the Mahatma (muh•HAHT•muh), meaning “great soul.”
18
Q
Mahatma
A
great soul
18
Q
Mahatma
A
great soul
19
Q
Noncooperation
A
Noncooperation When the British failed to punish the officers responsible for the
Amritsar massacre, Gandhi urged the Indian National Congress to follow a policy
of noncooperation with the British government
20
Q
1920
A
In 1920, the Congress Party
endorsed civil disobedience
21
Q
civil disobedience
A
the deliberate and public refusal to obey an unjust law, and nonviolence as the means to
achieve independence. Gandhi then
launched his campaign of civil disobedience to weaken the British government’s authority and economic
power over India.
22
Q
Satygahara
A
A central element of Gandhi’s philosophy of nonviolence
was called satyagraha, often translated as “soul-force” or
“truth-force.”
23
Q
Passive resistance is a method of securing rights by
personal suffering; it is the reverse of resistance by
arms. When I refuse to do a thing that is repugnant to
my conscience, I use soul-force. For instance, the
government of the day has passed a law which is
applicable to me: I do not like it, if, by using violence, I
force the government to repeal the law, I am employing
what may be termed body-force. If I do not obey the
law and accept the penalty for its breach, I use soulforce. It involves sacrifice of self
A
24
Nonviolence
In The Origin of Nonviolence, Gandhi offered a warning to
those who were contemplating joining the struggle for
independence.
25
[I]t is not at all impossible that we might have to
endure every hardship that we can imagine, and
wisdom lies in pledging ourselves on the understanding
that we shall have to suffer all that and worse. If some
one asks me when and how the struggle may end, I
may say that if the entire community manfully stands
the test, the end will be near. If many of us fall back
under storm and stress, the struggle will be prolonged.
But I can boldly declare, and with certainty, that so long
as there is even a handful of men true to their pledge,
there can only be one end to the struggle, and that is
victory
26
Boycotts
```
Gandhi called on Indians to
refuse to buy British goods, attend
government schools, pay British taxes,
or vote in elections. Gandhi staged a
successful boycott of British cloth, a
source of wealth for the British.
```
27
Strikes and Demonstrations
s Gandhi’s weapon of civil disobedience took an economic toll on the British. They struggled to keep trains running, factories operating, and overcrowded jails from bursting. Throughout 1920, the British arrested
thousands of Indians who had participated in strikes and demonstrations. But
despite Gandhi’s pleas for nonviolence, protests often led to riots.
28
Strikes and Demonstrations
s Gandhi’s weapon of civil disobedience took an economic toll on the British. They struggled to keep trains running, factories operating, and overcrowded jails from bursting. Throughout 1920, the British arrested
thousands of Indians who had participated in strikes and demonstrations. But
despite Gandhi’s pleas for nonviolence, protests often led to riots.
29
The Salt March
Gandhi organized a demonstration to defy the hated Salt
Acts. According to these British laws, Indians could buy salt from no other source
but the government. They also had to pay sales tax on salt. To show their opposition, Gandhi and his followers walked about 240 miles to the seacoast.
30
Soon afterward, some demonstrators planned a march to a site where the British
government processed salt. They intended to shut this saltworks down. Police officers with steel-tipped clubs attacked the demonstrators. An American journalist
was an eyewitness to the event. He described the “sickening whacks of clubs on
unprotected skulls” and people “writhing in pain with fractured skulls or broken
shoulders.”
30
Soon afterward, some demonstrators planned a march to a site where the British
government processed salt. They intended to shut this saltworks down. Police officers with steel-tipped clubs attacked the demonstrators. An American journalist
was an eyewitness to the event. He described the “sickening whacks of clubs on
unprotected skulls” and people “writhing in pain with fractured skulls or broken
shoulders.”
31
Newspapers across the globe carried the journalist’s story, which won worldwide support for Gandhi’s independence movement
32
More demonstrations against the salt tax took place throughout India.
Eventually, about 60,000 people, including Gandhi, were arrested.
33
Britain Grants Limited Self-Rule
In 1935, the
British Parliament passed the Government of India Act. It provided local self-government and limited democratic elections, but not total independence.
34
However, the Government of India Act also fueled mounting tensions between
Muslims and Hindus. These two groups had conflicting visions of India’s future as
an independent nation.
35
Congress Party
India's National Party
36
Muslim League
Party founded to protect Muslim's Interests
37
Leader of Muslim League
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
38
The Muslim League stated that it would never accept Indian
independence if it meant rule by the Hindu-dominated Congress Party. Jinnah
stated, “The only thing the Muslim has in common with the Hindu is his slavery
to the British.
39
When World War II ended, Britain found itself faced with enormous war debts. As
a result, British leaders began to rethink the expense of maintaining and governing
distant colonies. With India continuing to push for independence, the stage was set
for the British to hand over power
40
Muslims resisted attempts to include them in an Indian
government dominated by Hindus. Rioting between the two groups broke out in
several Indian cities
41
In August 1946, _____________
four days of clashes in Calcutta left more
| than 5,000 people dead and more than 15,000 hurt.
42
Partition
term given to the division of India into separate Hindu and
| Muslim nations
43
The northwest and eastern regions of India, where most Muslims
lived, would become the new nation of
Pakistan
44
The British House of Commons passed an act on
July 16, 1947
45
India and Pakistan, independence in one month’s time
46
n that short period,
more than ___ independent native princes had to decide which nation they would
join.
500
47
The administration of the courts, the military, the railways, and the police—the
whole of the civil service—had to be divided down to the last paper clip. Most difficult of all, millions of Indian citizens—Hindus, Muslims, and yet another significant religious group,
the Sikhs—had to decide where to go
48
During the summer of ____, ______ people were on the
| move in the Indian subcontinent
1947, 10 million
49
All passengers were forced into compartments like sheep and
goats. Because of which the heat and suffocating atmosphere
was intensified and it was very hard to breathe. In the ladies
compartment women and children were in a terrible condition.
Women tried in vain to calm down and comfort their children.
If you looked out the window you could see dead bodies lying
in the distance. At many places you could see corpses piled on
top of each other and no one seemed to have any concern. . . .
These were the scenes that made your heart bleed and
everybody loudly repented their sins and recited verses asking
God’s forgiveness. Every moment seemed to be the most
terrifying and agonizing
50
Kashmir Cold War
No part of Kashmir is beyond a fight
for India and Pakistan—including the
giant Siachen glacier high above the
region
51
```
The dividing line established in ____
cease-fire did not extend
to the glacier because officials figured
neither side would try to occupy such
a barren and frigid strip of land
```
1949
52
They figured wrong. In ____ both
sides sent troops to take the glacier,
and they have been dug in ever
since.
```
At altitudes nearing 21,000
feet, Indian and Pakistani soldiers
shoot at each other from trenches in
temperatures that reach 70 degrees
below zero. This bitterly cold war was
interrupted in 2003 when Pakistan
and India declared a ceasefire.
```
53
Modern India
With the granting of its independence on August 15, 1947 and became the world's largest democracy.
54
the independent nation’s first prime minister,
| addressed the country’s political leaders:
Jawaharlal Nehru
55
Nehru Leads India
Nehru served as India’s leader for its
first 17 years of independence. He had been one of Gandhi’s
most devoted followers. Educated in Britain, Nehru won
popularity among all groups in India. He emphasized
democracy, unity, and economic modernization.
56
Troubled Times
Nehru died in 1964. His death left the
Congress Party with no leader strong enough to hold
together the many political factions that had emerged with
India’s independence.
57
Indira Gandhi
Next prime minister and was re elected in 1980.
57
Indira Gandhi
Next prime minister and was re elected in 1980. and daughter of Gandhi
58
When was Indira Gandhi reelected?
1966 and 1980
59
Although she ruled capably, Gandhi faced many challenges, including the growing threat from Sikh extremists
who themselves wanted an independent state
60
The Golden
Temple at Amritsar stood as the religious center for the
Sikhs. From there, Sikh nationalists ventured out to attack
symbols of Indian authority.
61
In June 1984, Indian army
troops overran the Golden Temple. They killed about 500
Sikhs and destroyed sacred property
62
In retaliation, Sikh
bodyguards assigned to Indira Gandhi gunned her down.
This violent act set off another murderous frenzy, causing
the deaths of thousands of Sikhs
63
the deaths of thousands of Sikhs.
| In the wake of the murder of Indira Gandhi, her son,
Rajiv (rah•JEEV) Gandhi
64
When did Rajiv (rah•JEEV) Gandhi lost his power and why?
1989
65
when was he killed?
1991 in a town near Madras.
66
Twenty-First Century Challenges
Since winning election as prime minister in
1998, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, leader of the Hindu nationalist party, has ruled over a
vibrant but often unstable nation.
67
. He faces challenges brought on by an increasing
population that is expected to push India past China as the world’s most populous
nation by 2035
68
. He faces challenges brought on by an increasing
population that is expected to push India past China as the world’s most populous
nation by 2035
69
In ____India exploded a “peaceful”
nuclear device. For the next __ years, the nation quietly worked on building up its
nuclear capability
1974,24
70
```
In ____Indian officials conducted five underground nuclear
tests. Meanwhile, the Pakistanis had been building their own nuclear program.
Shortly after India conducted its nuclear tests, Pakistan demonstrated that it, too,
had nuclear weapons. The presence of these weapons in the hands of such bitter
Jawaharlal Nehru
1889–1964
Nehru’s father was an influential
attorney, and so the first prime
minister of India grew up amid great
wealth. As a young man, he lived and
studied in England. “In my likes and
dislikes I was perhaps more an
Englishman than an Indian,” he once
remarked.
Upon returning to India, however,
he became moved by the horrible
state in which many of his fellow
Indians lived. “A new picture of India
seemed to rise before me,” he
recalled, “naked, starving, crushed,
and utterly miserable.” From then on,
he devoted his life to improving
conditions in his country.
RESEARCH LINKS For more on
Jawaharlal Nehru, go to
classzone.com
1948
Mohandas Gandhi
Gandhi is shot to
death by a Hindu
extremist. The
assassin opposes
Gandhi’s efforts to
achieve equal
treatment for all
Indians, including
Muslims.
1977
Ali Bhutto
Prime Minister Ali Bhutto
of Pakistan is deposed in
a coup led by General Zia.
Bhutto is later hanged for
having ordered the
assassination of a
political opponent.
1991
Rajiv Gandhi
Rajiv Gandhi is killed
by a bomb while
campaigning. The
bomb is carried by a
woman opposed to
Gandhi’s policies.
1984
Indira Gandhi
Indira Gandhi is
gunned down by
two of her Sikh
bodyguards. Her
murder is in
retaliation for an
attack she
ordered on a
Sikh temple.
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
1988
General Zia,
president
of Pakistan, dies
in a mysterious
plane crash.
1999
General Pervez
Musharraf siezes
control of
government in a
military coup.
Pakistan
India
enemies and neighbors has become a matter of great international concern, especially in light of their continuing struggle over Kashmir:
```
1998
71
In, _ a war came close but a year later in 2003, peace process began
2002
72
The history of Pakistan since independence has been no less turbulent than that of
India. Pakistan actually began as two separate and divided states, East Pakistan and
West Pakistan. East Pakistan lay to the east of India, West Pakistan to the northwest. These regions were separated by more than 1,000 miles of Indian territory. In
culture, language, history, geography, economics, and ethnic background, the two
regions were very different. Only the Islamic religion united them.
73
Civil War From the beginning, the two regions of Pakistan experienced strained
relations. While East Pakistan had the larger population, it was often ignored by
West Pakistan, home to the central government.
74
In ____, , a giant cyclone and tidal
| wave struck East Pakistan and killed an estimated ___________
1970, 266,000
75
On March 26, 1971
East Pakistan Independence Day
76
A civil war followed between Bangladesh and Pakistan. Eventually,
Indian forces stepped in and sided with Bangladesh. Pakistan forces surrendered.
More than ______ people died in the war. Pakistan lost about ? of its
area and about ? of its population to Bangladesh.
1,000,000 one-seventh, one-half
77
A Pattern of Instability
Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the first governor-general of
Pakistan, died shortly after independence. This left the nation without strong leadership, and Pakistan went through a series of military coups, the first in 1958
78
Ali
| Bhutto took control of the country following the civil war. A military coup in
1977 led by General Zia removed Bhutto, who was later executed for crimes allegedly
committed while in office.
79
Benazir Bhutto
was twice elected prime
| minister. After months of disorder, she was removed from office in 1996
80
Nawaz
Sharif became prime minister after the 1997 elections. In 1999, army leaders led
by General Pervez Musharraf ousted Sharif in yet another coup and imposed military rule over Pakistan
81
After the September 11 attacks on the United States,
| Musharraf became a key American ally. By 2007, however, he faced growing political opposition at home
82
After the September 11 attacks on the United States,
| Musharraf became a key American ally. By 2007, however, he faced growing political opposition at home
83
Bangladesh Faces Many Problems
The war with Pakistan had ruined the economy of Bangladesh and fractured its communications system. Rebuilding the shattered country seemed like an overwhelming task
84
The war with Pakistan had ruined the economy of Bangladesh and fractured its communications system. Rebuilding the shattered country seemed like an overwhelming task
85
1975
military leaders assassinated Sheik Mujibur Rahman
86
Over the years Bangladesh has attempted with great difficulty to create a more
democratic form of government. Charges of election fraud and government corruption are common. In recent years, however, the government has become more
stable.
87
The latest elections were held in ___, and Begum Khaleda Zia
| took over as the nation’s prime minister
October of 2001
88
Bangladesh also has had to cope with crippling natural disasters. Bangladesh is a
low-lying nation that is subject to many cyclones and tidal waves. Massive stormregularly flood the land, ruin crops and homes, and
take lives.
89
A cyclone in ___ killed approximately
___ people. Such catastrophes, along with a
rapidly growing population, have put much stress on
the country’s economy. Bangladesh is one of the poorest nations in the world. The per capita income there
is about ___ per year.
1991, 139,000, $360
90
Civil Strife Grips Sri Lanka Another newly freed
and deeply troubled country on the Indian subcontinent is Sri Lanka, a small, teardrop-shaped island
nation just off the southeast coast of India
91
. Formerly
| known as ___ gained its independence from Britain in ___
Ceylon, Sri Lanka, February of 1948
92
Two main
ethnic groups dominate the nation. Three-quarters
of the population are ___, who are ___.
A fifth are _, a ___ people of southern India
and northern Sri Lanka
Sinhalese, Buddhists
| Tamils, Hindu
93
Sri Lanka’s recent history has also been one of
turmoil. A militant group of ____ has long fought
an armed struggle for a separate ____ nation
Tamil
94
Since
_, thousands of lives have been lost. In an effort
to end the violence, ___ and the Sri
Lankan president tried to reach an accord in ___.
1981, Rajiv Gandhi, 1987
95
The agreement called for Indian troops to enter Sri Lanka and help disarm Tamil
rebels. This effort was not successful, and the Indian troops left in _
1990
96
A civil
war between Tamils and other Sri Lankans continues today.
As difficult as post-independence has been for the countries of the Indian
subcontinent, the same can be said for former colonies elsewhere. As you will read
in the next section, a number of formerly held territories in Southeast Asia faced
challenges as they became independent nations.
