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Indian Languages and Literature Flashcards

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1
Q

Ashtadhyayi

A
  1. Written by Panini, a Sanskrit grammarian
  2. Analysed word formation in Sanskrit
  3. Descriptive grammar
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2
Q

Mahavastu

A
  1. Sanskrit Text
  2. Collection of stories
  3. Hinayana Buddhism
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3
Q

Lalitavistara, Buddhacarita

A
  1. Mahayana Buddhism
  2. Sacred text in Sanskrit
  3. Buddhacarita by Ashvaghosa used text from Lalitavistara
  4. Life of Buddha from descent to first sermon
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4
Q

Rajataringini

A

Sanskrit text
Written by Kalhan
Description of kings of kashmir

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5
Q

Jonaraja

A

Sanskrit text
Glories of Prithviraj

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6
Q

kalidasa

A

Plays and Poems in Sanskrit
Poems
- Meghaduta
- Ritusambara
- Kumar Sambhavam
- Raghuvamsha
Plays
- Abhijanam Shakuntalam
- vikramorvashi
- Malvikaganimithram

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7
Q

Shudraka

A

Mricchakatika or The little clay cart
10 act sanskrit drama
Throws light on life of peasants and others by including them as characters
Deviates from Natya shastra principles which says plays should focus on nobilities

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8
Q

Bhasa

A

Bhasa was an ancient poet
Swapna Vasavadattam is a play about love between vatsa king udyana and vasavadatta

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9
Q

Sri Harsha

A

Ratnavali
Sanskrit Play
Story of Udyanan and Ratnavali

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10
Q

Chanakya

A

Arthashstra

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11
Q

Kamasutra

A

Vatsyayana

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12
Q

Pampa

A
  1. Kannada Poet of 10th century
  2. Arikesari was his patron prince
  3. His writings have long inscription form
  4. Historical narrative of Mahabharata
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13
Q

Harihara

A

Bhakti Poet
Monotonous form Most likely the result of oral tradition

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14
Q

Kumarvyasa

A

Bhakti Poet
Re telling of Mahabharata in Kannada
Poetry belongs to a society of oral tradition

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15
Q

4 vedas

A

Rig
Yajur
Sama
Atharva
Each Veda consists of Brahmanas, Upanishads, Aranyakas
Atharva Veda incorporated later

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16
Q

Traji

A

Rig Sama and Yajur collectively

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17
Q

Rig Veda

A

Earliest Veda
1028 hymns
Vedic Sanskrit
Nature of Hymns
Well known Rishis
- Vasishta Gautama gritasmada vamadeva Vishvamitra Atri
Prominent Gods
- Indra, Agni, Varun, Rudra, Aditya, Vayu, Aditi, Ashwini Twins
Prominent Goddesses
- Usha goddess of dawn
- Vak goddess of speech
- Prithvi goddess of earth
Provides knowledge of social political and economic condition of ancient India

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18
Q

Yajur Veda

A

Yajur means sacrifice or worship
Rites and Mantras for different sacrifices
Directions for performance of Yajnas
Poetic and Prose renderings
Two major branches
- Shukla : Vajasaneyi Samhita
- Krishna : Taitriya Samhita

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19
Q

Sama Veda

A

Sama means melody or songs
16000 ragas and Ragini or musical notes
1875 verses - 75 original while others from rig Veda
Book of chants or saman
Linked to development of music during the period

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20
Q

Atharva Veda

A

AKA brahma Veda
Treatment of 99 diseases
Source - rishis atharva and angiras
Religious ideas at early period of civilisation
Two branches
- Paippalada
- Saunaka
Detailed info in family social and political life of later Vedic period

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21
Q

Ritual, Etymology, Metrics, Astronomy

A

Kalpa, Nirukta, Chanda, Jyotisha

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22
Q

Brahmanas

A

Developed after 4 vedas
Detailed explanation of Vedic rituals and instructions and deal with a science of sacrifice

23
Q

Aranyakas

A

Later portion of brahmanas
Deal with soul births and death and life beyond it
Studied and taught by vanapratha that were munis and inhabitants living inside forest

24
Q

Upanishads

A

Later part of Aranyakas
Derived from words upa meaning nearby and Nishad to sit down
Guru shishya parampara
Culmination of Indian thought and are final parts of vedas
Abstract and difficult discussions of ultimate physical problems
More than 200 upanishads known
Mukti ka gives a list of 108 upanishad

25
Q

Brahmanas of rig Veda

A

Kaushitki and Aitreya

26
Q

Krishna Yajur Veda Brahmana
Shukla Yajur Veda Brahmana

A

Taitteriya
Shatpath

27
Q

Atharva Veda Brahmana

A

Tandav Panchvish Jaimaniya

28
Q

Earliest upanishad

A

Brihadaranyaka Sukla Yajur Veda
Chand yogya sama veda

29
Q

Important upanishad

A

Aitareya
Kena
Katha

30
Q

Ramayana

A

AKA Aadikavya
Valmiki Adi Kavi
Presents a picture of an ideal society
Sanskrit
Several renderings in different Indian languages

31
Q

Mahabharat

A

Written by Ved Vyas
Originally Jaya or a collection dealing with victory written in Sanskrit with 8800 verses
Raised to 10000 called Bharatha
Final compilation of 100000 came to be known as Mahabharatha
Contains Bhagvan Gita

32
Q

Puranas

A

18 in total
And same in number upapuranas
Some well known puranas
- Brahma, Bhagvat, Padma, Vishnu, Vayu, Agni, Matsya and Garuda
Origin
- Buddhism was gaining importance
Mythological works which propagate religious and spiritual messages through parables and fables
Earliest Puranas during Gupta Empire
Contain important geographical information and histories
Mysteries of creation re creation and dynastic genealogies

33
Q

Amarasimha

A

Sanskrit Lexicographer

34
Q

Tripitakas

A

Canonical Literature (Sacred)
Vinaya Pitaka
- Rules and regulations of daily life
Sutta Pitaka
- Dialogues and Discourses on morality and deals with dharma
Abhidhamma Pitaka
- Philosophy and Metaphysics
- Discourses in various subjects such as ethics psychology theories of knowledge and metaphysical problems

35
Q

Jatakas

A

Non Canonical Literature
Stories on previous births of Buddha
Invaluable light in social and economic conditions ranging from 6th century BC to 2nd century BC.

36
Q

Jain Texts

A

Written in Prakrit
Angas Upangas prakirnan Chhedab sutras malasutras
Compiled 6th century AD
Valabhi, Gujarat
Reconstruct political history of eastern UP and Bihar
Repeatedly refer to trade and traders

37
Q

Law Books

A

Dharmasutras and Smritis together known as Dharmashashtras
500 to 200 BC
Duties for different varnas as well as for kings and their officials
Rules for holding selling and inheritance of property
Punishments for assault murder adultery

38
Q

Manusmriti

A

Role of man and woman in society
Code of conduct and relationship

39
Q

Visakhdutta

A

Playwriter
Plays
- Mudra Rakshas
- Dev Chandra Gupta

40
Q

Harisena

A

Amongst great poets and play writers of Gupta Period
Poems praising valour of Samudra Gupta
Inscribed in Allahabad Pillar

41
Q

Ashvaghosha

A

Buddhacharitra Biography of Buddha
Saundarnanda Sanskrit Poetry
Patronised by Kushana Kings

42
Q

Charak

A

Books on medicine

43
Q

Sushruta

A

Books in surgery

44
Q

Madhava

A

Book on Pathology

45
Q

Varahamihira

A

Books on astronomy

46
Q

Aryabhatta

A

Books on astronomy

47
Q

Astrology Books

A

Lagdhacharya

48
Q

Somadeva

A

Kathasaritsagar

49
Q

Jaidev

A

Geet Govinda finest Poems of Sanskrit

50
Q

Machana Somanatha

A

Court Poet of Bukka 1
Poem Uttaraharivamsam

51
Q

Krishnadevaraya

A

Poet of great merit
Telugu Literature
Amukta Malyada : Excellent prabandha in Telugu Literature

52
Q

Ashtadiggajas

A

Eight Telugu literary luminaries
Among them
-Allasani Peddana
- Author of Manucharitram was the greatest
- Andhra Kavitapitamaha
Other seven poets
- Nandi Timmana : - Author of Parijathapaharanam
- Madayagari Mallana
— Rajashekharacharitra war and lives of Rajashekhara King of Avanti
- Dhurjati
—devotee of Shiva
—two poems Kalahasteeswara Mahatmayam, Kalahasteeswara Satakam
- Ayyalaraju Ramanhadra Kavi
— Author if Rambhyudayam Sakalakathasara Sangraham
- Pingali Surana
—Raghavpandaviyam : Mahabharat and Ramayan together
—Kalapuranodayam
- Ramaraja Bhushana
— Vasucjaritram
— also known as Bhattumurti
— Narasabhupaliyam
— Harishchandra Nalopakhyanam
- Tenali Ramakrishna
—Court Jester
— Practical Jokes in high placed men
— Panduranga Mahatmayam (poem)

53
Q

Madhava

A

Jain scholar
Dharmanathapurana ( on 15 th Tirthankara)
Kannada lit

54
Q

Uritta Vilasa

A

Dharma Parikshe
Kannada

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