India, Egypt and Sudan up to 1914: British control in Egypt/Sudan Flashcards
What was Britain’s attitude to Egypt in 1857?
1) What was laughable?
2) What had British traders used Egypt as?
3) Who was Britain hostile to?
1) That Egypt would fall under British control.
2) A route between Europe and Asia.
3) The Muslim rulers of Egypt.
Why did Britain’s interest in Egypt grow?
1) Why was British interest revived, during the American Civil War of 1861 to 1865?
2) What were some of Isma’il Pasha’s modernising programs, which the British invested in?
3) When did he come to power, and which Ottoman ruler initiated modernisation?
4) In the 1870s, how much of Egypt’s imports came from Britain?
5) What was Ismail’s most ambitious project?
6) How did this affect the trade route to India?
7) When was the Suez Canal company set up, and who set it up?
8) When did construction begin, and how long did it take?
9) Why did Britain not buy many shares?
10) What caused Isma’il Pasha to sell his shares, and for how much?
11) Who bought shares, and how did this benefit them?
12) Who still has the majority of shares?
1) Britain became starved of cotton, so therefore began investing in the production of Egyptian cotton.
2) Irrigation, railways, schools and street lighting.
3) 1963, and Muhammad Ali Pasha started the process (ruler from 1805 to 1848).
4) 40%.
5) Cutting the Suez Canal through Egypt to connect the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea.
6) It became 6000 miles shorter.
7) It was set up in 1858, by a Frenchman (Ferdinand de Lesseps).
8) Began in 1859, and was completed 10 years later.
9) They were sceptical, as they believed it would be unsuitable for large ships.
10) He was facing increasing debts, so he sold his share for £4 million.
11) Disraeli, offering Britain more control over its passage to India, and also providing income from tariffs.
12) France
How did Britain establish control in Egypt?
1) Deposition of Isma’il: Why was he deposed?
2) Who replaced him?
3) How did British Commissioner Lord Dufferin gain influence?
4) To prop up the economy, what changes were made to taxing?
5) These measures led to the Arabi Pasha Revolt, what was this?
6) What were Britain’s concerns?
7) What were the Alexandra riots?
8) How did William Gladstone intervene?
9) How did the war between Arabi Pasha and Britain, culminate?
10) Who was made puppet leader?
11) How was a ‘Veiled Protectorate’ established?
12) Who became Consul-General?
1) He was deposed in 1879, by the Ottoman Sultan who accused him of economic mismanagement.
2) His son, Tewfiq.
3) This is because British money and support kept Egypt’s economy afloat, giving Dufferin considerable influence over Tewfiq.
4) Taxes were imposed on foods and goods, and the Egyptian army was reduced to 2/3, causing unemployment.
5) The Arabi Pasha Revolt was led by Arabi Pasha. It caused Tewfiq to appoint Arabi’s allies to government positions - they were anti-European.
6) Safety of the 100,000 Europeans, and the security of the Suez.
7) In June 1882, these riots led to the deaths of 50 Europeans and 125 Egyptians.
8) British naval forces bombarded Alexandria, killing hundreds of civilians.
9) Despite initial successes as Kafr el-Dawwar, Arabi Pasha was defeated at Tel el-Kebir, and Cairo was retaken.
10) Tewfiq
11) Tewfiq was forced to create a government that facilitated British interests. He had to employ British personnel to supervise the Egyptian army, and he relied on British advisors.
12) Evelyn Baring, who ruled Egypt from behind the scenes.
What was Britain’s Involvement with Sudan up to 1885?
1) Who was Governor-General of Egyptian-administered Sudan, on behalf of Khedive Isma’il?
2) What was he against?
3) How did ministers and officials in London see him?
4) Describe his personality and character:
1) Colonel Charles Gordon was Governor-General, he was a military leader.
2) The slave trade.
3) As a ‘mad Christian lunatic’.
4) He was courageous, and his personality glowed with the beauty of holiness.
Who was the Mahdi, and what did his followers want?
1) Who was the self-proclaimed Mahdi?
2) Which resentments caused the Mahdi to transform an emerging political movement, into a jihadist army?
3) By 1882, which area did they take control of?
4) Who sympathised with the Mahdi?
1) The Sudanese Islamic cleric Muhammad Ahmad.
2) Hostility towards Egyptian rule, and a resentment of British influence.
3) The area surrounding Khartoum.
4) Gordon and Gladstone.
What did Gladstone order Gordon to do after the death of Hicks?
1) How was Hicks killed?
2) What did Gladstone order General Gordon to do?
1) In 1883, during a joint British and Egyptian expedition to counter the Mahdi, General Hicks was killed.
2) Evacuate the Egyptian and British troops from Khartoum, in 1884
What happened to Gordon and his garrison?
1) Did Gordon act on Gladstone’s orders?
2) How did the public react?
3) What was the ‘Gordon relief expedition’, and did it work?
4) What happened to the Garrison, and Gordon?
5) How did Gladstone’s image suffer?
1) No, he stayed in Khartoum.
2) They were angry at Gladstone for not sending relief.
3) They were a group of 15,000 troops. led by Wolseley. They arrived 2 days after Gordon’s death.
4) The entire Garrison was killed, and Gordon was beheaded.
5) He went from Grand Old Man, to Murder of Gordon.
Why didn’t Gladstone retaliate?
1) What was he anxious about?
2) When did the next campaign happen?
1) Further loss of life and money.
2) 1896
