India, Egypt and Sudan up to 1914

Question 1

Who was Tewfiq?

Answer 1

• became the Egyptian Khedive after father was di[posed om 1878
• a figurehead for the British who kept Egypt afloat with economic support

Question 2

How did the British prop up the failing Egyptian economy?

Answer 2

• taxes were imposed on Egyptian foods
• and goods and the Egyptian army was reduced by 2/3

Question 3

what was the result of the British reforms to aid the Egyptain economy

Answer 3

grew a nationalist anti European asuse which resulted in an eventual battle at tug el khabir where the British were able to restore control

Question 4

how did Britain begin to administer control in Egypt

Answer 4

• Major Evelyn Barring appointed as consul general
• tewfiq was forced to assemble a government amenable to Britain

Question 5

What did the Mahdists seek to do in Sudan?

Answer 5

To liberate Sudan from outside rule, whether Egyptian or British.

Question 6

Who was sent from Britain to act as Governor-General of Egyptian-administered Sudan in 1877?

Answer 6

Colonel Charles Gordon

Question 7

Who proclaimed himself the Mahdi or saviour of mankind in June 1881?

Answer 7

The Sudanese Islamic cleric Muhammad Ahmad

Question 8

What happened in January 1885?

Answer 8

the British-Egyptian forces defending Khartoum were overrun, and virtually the entire garrison was killed. General Gordon was beheaded during the attack.

Question 9

what was the impact of this defeat on the British

Answer 9

Gladstone did not retaliate
- however there was a second attempt to regain control over the Mhaddists in 1886

Question 10

what were the causes that led to the Indian Mutiny?

Answer 10

• religion - the British failed to appreciate the importance of the various religions in India
• lost touch - lost touch with the people the British ruled over such as the Seapoys and the Army
• overconfidence of the East Indian Trading Company - as Britains grasp on India grew threre was a greater reliance on the EIc resources as well as over-taxation causing a growing unpopularity., it became an unpopular administration rather than a trading company
• • Dalhousie Reforms: Tea plantations set up which damaged traditional economies, encouraged ‘Christianising missions’ and the ‘doctrine of lapse’
• Cartridges

Question 11

what year was the Indian Mutiny

Answer 11

1857

Question 12

What is a Seapoy

Answer 12

• An infantryman armed with a musket in the army of the Mugal empire

Question 13

What was what happened initially in the Indian Mutiny/revolution

Answer 13

• the Sepals swiftly took control of many northern cities
• ## a short lived attempt at resurrecting the Mugal empire

Question 14

what people joined the Seapoys at the start of the Mutiny

Answer 14

-discontent land owners
- peasants who’re unhappy with the tax system from the British
- and those who felt they had lost out under British rule

-

Question 15

where were major battles fought during the mutiny

Answer 15

• Delhi
  -Cawnpore
• Lucknow

Question 16

what was the Cawnpore massacre?

Answer 16

• a masacre in the city of Cawnpore where British EIC forces were besieged and around 200 men, women and children were massacred by Indian rebels

Question 17

What was the consequence of the Cawnpore massacre?

Answer 17

• caused outrage from the British
• calls for retaliation from the British public
• 70,000 fresh troops sent in armed with the latest Colt revolvers

Question 18

what was the impact of the Indian Mutiny

Answer 18

• East Indian Company control ended
  – total British rule from now on
• Government of India act 1858, implemented a secretary of state, Indian council and Viceroy to Indian government
• British adopt a policy of appeasement with the Indian powers
• reforms made to the Indian army

Question 19

what was the government of India act

Answer 19

abolished the EIC
made the crown in charge of India
implemented new aspects to governmnent such as the viceroy, Secretary of State to India and the Indian council

Question 20

what year was the government of India act

Answer 20

1858

Question 21

What was the governance approach adopted by the Viceroys in India during the colonial period?

Answer 21

The Viceroys continued to rule with fairly unrestrained power, ensuring that India remained secure, profitable, and that the native people acquiesced to British rule.

Question 22

How did the Sudanese people view the arrival of the British?

Answer 22

• although it is tue that some sudanese were glad to have seen the demise of the Mahddist regime, the British control were seen as another oppressor

Question 23

How did the British attempt to resolve Sudanese feuds and uprisings?

Answer 23

• the British frequently used the death penalty which made the unpopularity and nationalistic sentiment grow

Question 24

How many punitive expeditions were mounted by the British to force rebels to accept the new order?

Answer 24

• about 33

Question 25

What economic developments did the British bring to Sudan?

Answer 25

• The British brought considerable economic development to the Nile Valley, including the extension of telegraph and railway lines and the establishment of Port Sudan.
• the Geerira Scheme,

Question 26

when did uprisings occur in the Sudan?

Answer 26

• Uprisings occurred in 1900, 1902-03, 1904, and 1908.

Question 27

what was the outcome of the Maddest revolution

Answer 27

Mohammed Ahmed died and there was a power vacuum leading to the ultimate dissolution of the revolt

-kitchener launched another attack and killed Ahmad’s successor, the Khalifa and ended the revolt.

enacted revenge for General Charles Gordon’s death

Question 28

when was the Denshaway Incident

Answer 28

• June 1906

Question 29

What had occurred at Denshaway in June 1906

Answer 29

• British officers hunting for sport pigeons which serveds a since pf ;one;ehood fro the locals
• agitated, a scuffle broke out and in the midst of the scuffle and officers gun fired, wounding a woman prompting further attack
• an officer scurried away however in the heat the officer appeared to have collapsed and died, when a local villager found him and possible tried to help, however tow other British officers found the scene and assumed that the villagers had killed the officer

Question 30

what was the British response

Answer 30

• harsh punishment distributed to the local villagers involved in the incident,
• some sentenced to death
• exposed to the British public, did not reflect well of the empire however it was largely brushed over and there was not too much attention