India, Egypt and Sudan up to 1914 Flashcards
Who was Tewfiq?
- became the Egyptian Khedive after father was di[posed om 1878
- a figurehead for the British who kept Egypt afloat with economic support
How did the British prop up the failing Egyptian economy?
- taxes were imposed on Egyptian foods
- and goods and the Egyptian army was reduced by 2/3
what was the result of the British reforms to aid the Egyptain economy
grew a nationalist anti European asuse which resulted in an eventual battle at tug el khabir where the British were able to restore control
how did Britain begin to administer control in Egypt
- Major Evelyn Barring appointed as consul general
- tewfiq was forced to assemble a government amenable to Britain
What did the Mahdists seek to do in Sudan?
To liberate Sudan from outside rule, whether Egyptian or British.
Who was sent from Britain to act as Governor-General of Egyptian-administered Sudan in 1877?
Colonel Charles Gordon
Who proclaimed himself the Mahdi or saviour of mankind in June 1881?
The Sudanese Islamic cleric Muhammad Ahmad
What happened in January 1885?
the British-Egyptian forces defending Khartoum were overrun, and virtually the entire garrison was killed. General Gordon was beheaded during the attack.
what was the impact of this defeat on the British
Gladstone did not retaliate
- however there was a second attempt to regain control over the Mhaddists in 1886
what were the causes that led to the Indian Mutiny?
- religion - the British failed to appreciate the importance of the various religions in India
- lost touch - lost touch with the people the British ruled over such as the Seapoys and the Army
- overconfidence of the East Indian Trading Company - as Britains grasp on India grew threre was a greater reliance on the EIc resources as well as over-taxation causing a growing unpopularity., it became an unpopular administration rather than a trading company
- Dalhousie Reforms: Tea plantations set up which damaged traditional economies, encouraged ‘Christianising missions’ and the ‘doctrine of lapse’
- Cartridges
what year was the Indian Mutiny
1857
What is a Seapoy
- An infantryman armed with a musket in the army of the Mugal empire
What was what happened initially in the Indian Mutiny/revolution
- the Sepals swiftly took control of many northern cities
- ## a short lived attempt at resurrecting the Mugal empire
what people joined the Seapoys at the start of the Mutiny
-discontent land owners
- peasants who’re unhappy with the tax system from the British
- and those who felt they had lost out under British rule
-
where were major battles fought during the mutiny
- Delhi
-Cawnpore - Lucknow
what was the Cawnpore massacre?
- a masacre in the city of Cawnpore where British EIC forces were besieged and around 200 men, women and children were massacred by Indian rebels
What was the consequence of the Cawnpore massacre?
- caused outrage from the British
- calls for retaliation from the British public
- 70,000 fresh troops sent in armed with the latest Colt revolvers
what was the impact of the Indian Mutiny
- East Indian Company control ended
– total British rule from now on - Government of India act 1858, implemented a secretary of state, Indian council and Viceroy to Indian government
- British adopt a policy of appeasement with the Indian powers
- reforms made to the Indian army
what was the government of India act
abolished the EIC
made the crown in charge of India
implemented new aspects to governmnent such as the viceroy, Secretary of State to India and the Indian council
what year was the government of India act
1858
What was the governance approach adopted by the Viceroys in India during the colonial period?
The Viceroys continued to rule with fairly unrestrained power, ensuring that India remained secure, profitable, and that the native people acquiesced to British rule.
How did the Sudanese people view the arrival of the British?
- although it is tue that some sudanese were glad to have seen the demise of the Mahddist regime, the British control were seen as another oppressor
How did the British attempt to resolve Sudanese feuds and uprisings?
- the British frequently used the death penalty which made the unpopularity and nationalistic sentiment grow
How many punitive expeditions were mounted by the British to force rebels to accept the new order?
- about 33
What economic developments did the British bring to Sudan?
- The British brought considerable economic development to the Nile Valley, including the extension of telegraph and railway lines and the establishment of Port Sudan.
- the Geerira Scheme,
when did uprisings occur in the Sudan?
- Uprisings occurred in 1900, 1902-03, 1904, and 1908.
what was the outcome of the Maddest revolution
Mohammed Ahmed died and there was a power vacuum leading to the ultimate dissolution of the revolt
-kitchener launched another attack and killed Ahmad’s successor, the Khalifa and ended the revolt.
enacted revenge for General Charles Gordon’s death
when was the Denshaway Incident
- June 1906
What had occurred at Denshaway in June 1906
- British officers hunting for sport pigeons which serveds a since pf ;one;ehood fro the locals
- agitated, a scuffle broke out and in the midst of the scuffle and officers gun fired, wounding a woman prompting further attack
- an officer scurried away however in the heat the officer appeared to have collapsed and died, when a local villager found him and possible tried to help, however tow other British officers found the scene and assumed that the villagers had killed the officer
what was the British response
- harsh punishment distributed to the local villagers involved in the incident,
- some sentenced to death
- exposed to the British public, did not reflect well of the empire however it was largely brushed over and there was not too much attention
