India Flashcards
1
Q
What is the type of region in India?
A
Subcontinental Region (A subcontinent is a large portion of land that is smaller than a continent but larger than a country)
2
Q
What is location of India?
A
The continent of Asia, Southern Asia
3
Q
What is population of India?
A
Over 1.2 billion people (17% of world population)
4
Q
How many people per square km lived there?
A
~ 353 per squere km
5
Q
Type of political system?
A
India is a democracy
6
Q
Most popular religion?
A
Hindu
7
Q
People’s leaving condition?
A
Poverty
8
Q
Regional development?
A
Underdeveloped, a low GDP
9
Q
Climate in India:
A
Monsoon climate (very wet)
10
Q
Describe Mid-June to September season:
A
- Hot, wet season
- Low pressure develops = rain-bearing clouds from the south-west
- Heavy rainfall, flooding
- Tropical cyclones (speed 160 km per hour), can cause tidal waves
- This season called: the south-west monsoon
11
Q
Describe weather conditions during October to February season:
A
- Cool, dry
- High pressure = a dray wind from north-east towards the sea
- Some Reinfall in the south-east because the winds pick up(нагоняет) moisture(влагу) as they cross the Bay of Bengal.
- Season called: retreating monsoon
12
Q
Describe March to mid-June season
A
- Hot, dry
- Temperature-45 degrees
- High humidity (влага) levels
13
Q
Why India depends on monsoon rains? What if rainfall low or heavy? What the consequences? For whom monsoon is important?
A
- It’s important for crop (растениеводство) growth
- Low monsoon rainfall - will cause crops to fail. Many people could starve.
- Heavy monsoon region - flooding. Destroys crops
- Monsoon is important for rural population
14
Q
What region does not suffer by monsoon weather condition?
A
The Thar Desert
15
Q
1) What is the most common type of soil throughout India?
2) What the features (some process) of the soil? Why?
3) What mineral remains in tropical red soils after …(some process)?
A
1) Tropical red soils, also called laterite soils.
2) Red soils is Heavily leached due to the heavy monsoon rain
3) Iron, which gives the soil its reddish appearance.
16
Q
Define leaching (выщелачивание)
A
Leaching is the washing of mineral and nutrients out of reach of plant roots. Often occurs in areas of heavy rainfall (дождь)
17
Q
Where in India is leaching most common?
A
In the Eastern and Western Ghats, where there is high rainfall.
18
Q
What kind of soils common in Deccan Plateau? How this soils formed? What is a key feature of this soils?
A
Black soils
They are formed from weathered basalt rock after volcanic eruptions.
They have a high clay content and hold moisture (влага) .
19
Q
What crop is most commonly grown in the Deccan Plateau, and why?
A
Cotton (хлопок) , because of the soil’s ability to retain (сохранять) moisture (влага)
20
Q
Where are alluvial soils found in India?
A
On the floodplains (поймы) of major rivers like the Ganges-Brahmaputra plain.
21
Q
What are alluvial soils suitable for growing? Why?
A
Rice growing. Because they provide fertile (плодородный) conditions and support over half of the Indian population.
22
Q
What are the three main physical environments in India?
A
The Himalayas, the Ganges Valley, and the Deccan Plateau.
23
Q
How were the Himalayas created? What the location?
A
By the collision of the Eurasian and Indo-Australian plates.
Located in the north of the region
24
Q
What is the highest mountain peak in the world, and where is it located?
A
Mount Everest (8,850 m), located in the Himalayas.
25
Why are landslides (оползень, обвал) and earthquakes common in the Himalayas?
Because the Himalayas are still growing as a result of tectonic activity.
26
What is the Ganges Valley, and how was it formed?
: A low-lying, fertile floodplain of the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers. This areas was the seabed (морское дно) before sedimentation occurred
27
What causes the annual (ежегодно) flooding in the Ganges Valley?
What this create?
High rainfall and glacial (ледник) melting (таить)
Hugh’s rainfall + glacial melting = flooding = deep layer of alluvial soils
28
Why is the Ganges River significant to Hindus?
What the population around Ganges valley?
It is considered sacred and worshipped (поклоняются) as a god.
This is most densely populated area of India
29
What is the Deccan Plateau, and how was it formed?
A triangular piece of land uplifted (поднятый) by tectonic forces, covering most of the Indian peninsula (полуостров)
30
What are the steep (крутой) areas of the Deccan Plateau called?
Ghats
31
What type of rock is common in the Deccan Plateau, and how was it formed?
Weathered basalt rock formed from volcanic eruptions thousands of years ago.
32
Why are the soils of the Deccan Plateau suitable for irrigation?
Because the soils hold moisture.
33
What are primary economic activities?
Primary economic activities are linked to the removal of natural resources from the Earth, including agriculture, fishing, forestry, and mining.
34
Which regions are typically involved in primary economic activities?
Regions that are mainly involved in primary economic activities tend to be poorer regions.
35
What percentage of India’s population is involved in primary economic activities?
About 60 per cent of India’s population is involved in primary economic activities.
36
How much cultivated (обрабатываемые) land does India have compared to the European Union?
India has almost as much cultivated (обрабатываемые) land as the entire European Union.
37
What conditions are necessary for land in India to have agricultural potential?
The land needs enough rainfall or access to irrigation schemes.
38
Which areas of India are not (не) under cultivation (возделываются) and why?
The Thar Desert and the western border with Pakistan, as conditions there are too extreme for farming.
39
What is the most common crop grown in India?
Cereals (крупы)
40
Where does India’s farm output rank globally?
Second in the world.
41
How is most of India’s farm produce sold?
Locally
42
Why is much of the farming in India subsistence(натуральное) farming?
How is the land farmed?
Because farms are small (many under 2 hectares) and the rural population densities are high.
Land farmed intensively (интенсивно)
43
What is the most commonly grown crop on the floodplains of the Ganges River?
Rice
44
What percentage of the local diet in India is made up of rice?
90 per cent.
45
Why is rice the most important crop in India?
How is rice grown? In what fields? What the requirements?
It provides the highest output of food per unit of land
Rice is grow in paddy field and requires intensive manual labour
46
What is required for rice production in India?
Intensive manual labour and the monsoon rains.
47
What crops are grown in drier regions of India?
Wheat (пшеница) and millet (просо)
48
How is most farming done in India?
By hand, with farmers and their families doing the work.
49
What is double cropping?
Double cropping is the process where one crop, such as rice, is grown during the wet season and another, such as wheat (пшеница) , is grown during the drier season.
50
What is the aim of double cropping in India?
To ensure a plentiful (обильный ) supply of food all year round.
51
What type of farming is practiced for cash crops in India?
Plantation farming.
52
Why are cash crops (товарные культуры) grown in India?
What are some examples of cash crops farmed in India? Where do they grow it? How about supply?
They are sold as exports to assist (оказывать помощь) India’s international balance of trade
Cotton (хлопок) , coconuts, and tea.
Assam state
The regions farms is are major supplier in the world market
53
How does India rank in terms of cattle (крупный рогатый скот ) per capita?
India has more cattle per capita than any other country
54
Why are cattle important in India?
Hindus view cattle as sacred animals and prevent (запрещают) their slaughter (убой) for meat.
55
Besides cattle, what other animals are commonly reared (разводят) in India, and why?
Buffalo (буйволы), which are used as draft (тягловая сила) animals.
56
What problem does the large number of livestock (скот) in India cause?
Livestock compete with people for valuable land and food.
57
Why is there a plentiful (обильный) and constant (постоянный) supply of water in certain regions of India?
The river valleys close to the Himalayas provide a constant (постоянный) water supply.
58
What has the availability of water in river valleys allowed in India?
It has allowed the development of irrigation schemes throughout the region.
59
What is monoculture in agriculture?
Monoculture is the practice of growing the same crop every year.
60
What problem can monoculture cause in farming?
It can lead to the loss of valuable nutrients in the soil.
61
What issues can arise from irrigation practices in India?
Irrigation can cause a build-up of minerals on the land, leading to calcification and salinisation.
62
What is calcification in the context of agriculture?
Calcification is the build-up of calcium in the ground, which can be caused by irrigation in an area. This layer of calcite is impermeable (непроницаемые) . Plant roots are unable to penetrate (проникнуть) it and it can lead to crop failure.
63
What is Salinisation?(засоление)
Salinisation is the build-up of dissolved salts in the land. It can be caused by irrigation. This layer of salt is poisonous (ядовитый) and prevents (препятствует) crop growth.
64
What was the purpose of the Green Revolution?
Set up by the government. To improve farming practices in developing countries and meet the food needs of growing populations and help them archive self sufficiency (самодостаточности)
65
When and where did the Green Revolution begin in India?
In the 1970s, in response to high food demand.
66
What was the annual population growth rate in India during the start of the Green Revolution?
1.5 percent per year.
67
What were some of the key initiatives introduced during the Green Revolution in India?
Irrigation schemes, genetically modified foods, education for farmers, fertilisers and pesticides пестициды) , and high-yielding (высокоурожайные) varieties of rice and wheat (пшеницы)
68
What was the impact of the Green Revolution on crop production per hectare in India?
Crop production per hectare increased, and food supply soon outweighed (превысило ) demand.
69
Which Indian states benefitted the most from the Green Revolution?
Punjab and Haryana.
70
Why did only certain states benefit from the Green Revolution?
Because they could afford (позволить) the new technologies and chemical fertilisers (удобрения)
71
What problems were associated with the Green Revolution?
Over roping of crops has caused their market price to fall
Mechanisation has caused job losses and outward migration from rural areas
Small scale farmers are not able to compete with large scale farmers due to the high cost of machinery, seeds and fertilisers
The use of fertilisers can pollute groundwater after heavy rainfall
72
Why is land reform considered important for solving agricultural problems in India?
Because a significant portion of the best farmland is owned by a small percentage of wealthy farming families, leaving the majority with small, unprofitable farms
73
In the 1990s, what percentage of the best farmland in India was owned by 5 percent of the farming families?
What was the rest of the population doing then?
A quarter (25%) of the best farmland.
The rest of the population has to work farms that too small to be profitable and mechanised
74
What needs to happen to improve the situation of landless peasants (крестьян) in India?
The land of large estates (поместий) needs to be redistributed (перераспределить) to landless peasants( крестьян)
75
What percentage of India’s landmass is covered by forests?
Over 22 percent.
76
Which valuable hardwoods (лиственные породы) are grown in India?
Teak (тик) and rosewood. (палисандр)
77
In which areas can trees grow in India?
In areas with high rainfall (above 2,000 mm per year).
78
What type of climate in India promotes faster tree growth?
Hot, wet conditions.
79
What percentage of trees grown in India are used for paper and pulp (целлюлоза) production?
Ten percent.
80
What percentage of forests in India are publicly owned?
97 percent.
81
What is the Indian Government’s policy regarding (в отношении) forests?
The Government is committed (привержены) to reafforestation (лесовосстановление)
82
Why is reafforestation important in India?
This is very important, as areas of exposed (открытой) soil (почвы) caused by deforestation (вырубкой лесов) are open to soil erosion. When heavy monsoon rains fall, they can cause mudslides (оползни) in uplandareas.
83
What are secondary economic activities?
Secondary economic activities involve the processing of raw (сырья) materials or the further development of semi-processed (полуфабрикаты) materials.
84
In what type of industries do secondary economic activities take place?
They take place in manufacturing industries.
85
What is India’s global rank in terms of industrial output?
India ranks fourteenth in the world for industrial output.
86
What percentage of India’s workforce is employed in the industrial sector?
17 per cent of the workforce is employed in the industrial sector.
87
When did India gain independence from Britain?
In 1947.
88
What percentage of the population was employed in manufacturing at the time of India’s independence?
Only 2 per cent of the population.
89
What were the traditional manufacturing activities in India before rapid industrialization?
Food processing, such as tea production, and light manufacturing, such as cotton production for textiles.
90
What percentage of India’s exports are made up by tea production?
Tea production makes up 13 per cent of India’s exports
91
What is the combined percentage of textiles and clothing in India’s exports?
30 per cent.
92
In which large urban centers is most of India’s industry located today?
How fast develop?
Mumbai (Bombay), Kolkata (Calcutta), and Chennai.
Develop rapidly
93
What strategy did the Indian government use to prevent outward migration from rural areas after independence?
The government invested in labour-intensive (трудоемкие) local craft (ремесленные) industries, such as weaving (ткачество) , food processing, and agri-industries (агропромышленность)
94
What are examples of labour-intensive (трудоемкий) industries that the Indian government invested in after independence?
Weaving, oil pressing (food processing), and fertiliser (удобрения) manufacturing (agri-industries).
95
Why was Kolkata chosen as a main location for iron (железа) and steel (сталь)manufacturing?
Because it is close to the largest sources of coal (уголь) and iron in India.
96
What is the name of one of the largest iron and steel companies in India?
Tata Iron and Steel Company.
97
Where is the Tata Iron and Steel Company located?
In Bihar, northern India.
98
What is India’s rank in global steel production?
India is the tenth largest steel producer in the world.
99
How does India’s steel consumption per capita compare globally?
India has one of the lowest steel consumption rates per capita in the world.
100
Who is one of India’s main trading partners?
America
American companies have located in the region
101
What attracts American companies to locate in India?
Energy supplies and a low-cost, educated workforce.
102
What percentage of India’s electricity is generated from coal?
60%
103
What is HEP, and how is it generated in India?
HEP stands for hydroelectric power, generated from continuous (непрерывного) water flow from the Himalayan Mountains and the Western Ghats.
104
What minerals are abundant (распостраненный) in India?
Bauxite (бокситы) and copper (медь)
105
Why is India’s workforce considered attractive to industries?
It is large, well-educated, and low-cost.
106
How does the number of university graduates in India compare to Canada and the USA?
India produces more university graduates than both countries combined
107
What percentage of Indian graduates have degrees in science or engineering?
40%.
108
How do salaries of well-educated graduates in India compare to those in the USA?
Indian graduates earn as little as one-tenth of what American graduates earn.
109
What happened to heavy industries in India after the 1980s?
Heavy industries went into decline (упадок) , and the manufacturing sector expanded into ICT technologies.
110
Which city is considered the main location for software (программное обеспечение) companies in India?
Bangalore
111
Why is Bangalore referred to as “India’s Silicon Valley”?
It is home to many multinational companies (MNCs) like IBM, Texas Instruments, and Microsoft due to the low cost of labor, which is almost a third less than in Europe or America.
112
How many British companies had outsourced (перевели) teleservice jobs to India since 2002? Why this company located in the city?
30 British companies, including Aviva and Lloyd’s TSB.
Located in the city, because of the excellent transport network
113
What percentage of India’s GDP does the IT sector contribute (составляет) ?
5.8%.
114
What is Mumbai’s significance (значение) in India’s modern industries?
Mumbai is the main port and hosts (размещено) many pharmaceutical (фармацевтические) companies.
115
What was the value of India’s healthcare sector in 2012?
$80 billion
116
What initiatives did the Indian Government introduce to promote industrialization in cities like Bangalore?
The Government established software parks, improved infrastructure, and created special economic zones offering tax (налоговые) breaks (льготы) . It called industrialisation
117
What is India’s current economic status, and what does it imply (означает) for its future?
India is a newly (новой) industrialised country (NIC) and could become a major competitor of the EU and the USA.
118
Did manufacturing spread throughout India as the Government hoped?
No, manufacturing is still concentrated in major cities like Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai, and Bangalore.
119
Define industrialisation
Industrialisation is a government policy to develop industry by improving infrastructure, communications and the labour force through education.
120
What do tertiary economic activities involve?
The provision of services rather than the production of goods.
121
What types of services are common in the developed (развитых) world?
Jobs like civil service workers, doctors, and shop assistants.
122
What types of services are more common in the developing (развивающиеся) world?
Services like rubbish (мусор) sorting (сортировка) and letter writing.
123
What is the relationship between regions involved in tertiary economic activities and wealth?
Regions involved in tertiary activities tend to be wealthier.
124
Why is the tertiary sector in India underdeveloped?
Most local people struggle to meet basic needs, and services like healthcare and education are out of reach.
125
In which Indian cities are tertiary sector services widely available?
In larger cities like Mumbai.
126
How does the wealth of people in larger cities like Mumbai compare to other areas of India?
People in these cities tend to be wealthier.
127
What problem does India face with its informal service sector? What types of work are common in India’s informal service sector?
The development of the ‘black economy,’ which thrives due to poverty.
Unlicensed street vendors, shoeshine boys, and illegal activities like prostitution and drug distribution.
128
What is the fastest-growing economic sector in India?
Tourism
129
How many people visited India in 2014?
Nearly 7 million people.
130
What is the value of the tourist industry in India?
Just over €5 billion.
131
What percentage of the workforce in India is directly involved in the tourism sector?
23 percent.
132
Why is investment in the tourism sector seen as vital (жизненно важным) in India?
It helps to reduce regional differences in income levels, infrastructure, and education.
133
Which areas does investment in the tourism sector aim to improve in India?
Income levels, infrastructure, and education
134
Into which new holiday sector has India expanded in recent years?
The niche holiday sector.
135
What is an example of a niche holiday sector in India?
How many people annually visit India for medical holidays?
Medical holidays arranged (организованные) by international medical insurers (страховщиками)
Up to 150,000 people.
136
What types of adventure activities are popular in northern India?
River rafting сплав по реке) , mountain (альпинизм) and rock (скалолазание) climbing, paragliding (парапланеризм, это полет на параплане вдвоем) , and skiing (катание на лыжах) on the Himalayan slopes.
137
Which region in India is especially marketed as an adventure holiday destination?
Northern India.
138
What the attraction in India ?
Himalayas Mountains
The world renowned (всемирно известные) temples (храмы) , Historical buildings, as Taj Mahal
Yoga, Meditation and beach holiday (Goa or Cochin in southern India)
139
Why international tourism still limited?
What was the Government action for overcoming this problem?
International tourism is still limited in the region because many people are discouraged (не хотят) from visiting due to the level of poverty. The Government has tried to overcome this by introducing standards of cleanliness (чистота) and hospitality (гостеприимство) throughout the region.
140
Why internal tourism is growing?
Because the standard of living improves in the cities, people are able to afford (позволить) to travel to the south-west of the region for monsoon holidays.
141
Define “monsoon holiday”
A monsoon holiday is when people leave the worst-affected areas during monsoon
season.
142
Define “niche holidays”
Niche holidays are alternative and adventure holidays. They can include golf or mountain-climbing (альпинизм) holidays.
143
Which region in India is popular for adventure holiday destinations?
Northern India, known as activities like river rafting (сплав по реке, то есть спуск по реке на лодке) mountain and rock climbing, paragliding, and skiing on the Himalayan slopes
144
What is Bollywood? How much earning? How much producing?
Bollywood is the film production of India, located in Mumbai
Earn - over €2 billion
Produce - approximately 1,000 films per year
145
Why is the standard of public transport not the same across India?
Some areas are not easily accessible, and investment in public transport has mainly taken place in larger cities or coastal areas due to India’s colonial past.
146
What is the state of the transport system in rural India?
It is very underdeveloped, with over half of the rural villages having no tarred roads.
147
How many cars are there in India per 1,000 people, and how does this compare to the developed world?
There are approximately five cars per 1,000 people in India, compared to 500 per 1,000 in the developed world.
148
How long is India’s road network?
Over 2.1 million km.
149
What are some common traffic issues in larger Indian cities?
Traffic moves slowly, traffic jams (пробки) and accidents are common, and ox-drawn carts(запряженные волами повозки) and cows often block the roads.
150
Why can’t cows be harmed on Indian roads?
Cows are viewed as sacred animals by Hindus.
151
What is the size of India’s rail network?
India has the second largest rail network in the world, with over 64,000 km of rail
152
What is a challenge faced by India’s rail system?
The rail system is outdated and still mainly uses steam (паровые) engines (двигатели)
153
How many passengers use India’s rail system daily?
Over 14 million passengers daily.
154
When was Kolkata’s underground railway introduced?
In 1989.
155
What changes have been made to some of India’s railway lines?
Some railway lines in urban (городских) areas have been electrified (электрифицированы)
156
What major change occurred in India’s airline industry in 2011? What is the name of the new airline in India?
Who owns ?
The main international airline merged with the main internal airline. (Основная международная компания объединилась с основной внутренней компанией)
Air India
The Government of India.
157
How have Air India and other airlines helped India?
They have helped connect various Indian cities and opened up the region to foreign countries, making it more attractive to business investors and tourists.
158
What plan does the Indian Government have to improve infrastructure?
The Five-Year Plan, which makes funds (средства) available for infrastructure upgrades.
159
What is the National Highway Development Programme?
A programme introduced to improve communications between the four main cities of Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, and Delhi.
160
What is the purpose of the Central Roads Fund in India?
To improve India’s vast (обширную) road network.
161
What is India’s population, and how much of the world’s population does it represent?
India has a population of over 1.2 billion, which is 17% of the world’s population.
162
Where does India rank in terms of global population size?
India is the second most populous country in the world.
163
At what rate is India’s population growing annually?
The population is growing at a rate of 1.6% per year.
164
What is the predicted population of India by 2040?
India’s population is predicted to reach over 2 billion by 2040.
165
Where is India’s population density the highest?
Population density is highest in the lower plains of the Ganges River, along the coastline, and in major cities, with densities of over 800 people per square kilometre.
166
Why is the population density lower in the Deccan Plateau and Himalayan regions?
The terrain (рельеф) is too harsh (суровый) to support a large population.
167
In which stage of the demographic transition model is India currently classified?
India is in the early expanding stage (stage 2) of the demographic transition model.
168
What has contributed (способствовало) to the decrease in India’s death rate?
Improvements in healthcare have reduced the death rate to six per 1,000.
169
Why is India still considered a developing country in terms of population stages?
Most developed countries are entering stage 4 or 5 of the demographic transition model, where populations are no longer increasing.
170
What government incentives (стимул) were introduced in the 1970s to reduce India’s birth rate?
Incentives like offering a transistor radio (транзитный радиоприемник) to men who had a vasectomy were introduced.
171
Why is promoting (продвигать) family planning challenging in India?
Many people still live on farms and prefer large families to help work the land.
172
How might urbanization affect India’s birth rate in the future?
As urbanization increases, the birth rate is expected to naturally fall.
173
How is the population distributed (распределено) in India?
Distributed unevenly (неравномерно)
174
Define “Demographic transition model”
The demographic transition model displays information about a country's birth rate, death rate and natural increase/decrease in population.
There are five stages to the model. All countries go through each of the different stages, but at different rates depending on their level of development. Most developed countries are in
stage 4 or 5.
175
How many different languages and dialects are spoken in India?
Over 1,600 different languages and dialects.
176
How many languages are officially recognised by the Indian Government?
Approximately 18 languages.
177
Which language is the most widely spoken in India, and how many people speak it?
Hindi, with over 250 million speakers.
178
What is the main language group spoken by about 200 million people in southern India?
Dravidian languages.
179
Who speak in English in India? And why
Business people, politicians
India was under British colony, English pretty spread among the wealthy people in India
180
What percentage of the Indian population speaks English?
Only 2 percent.
181
In which social contexts is English commonly used in India?
Among the wealthy and in some schools and colleges.
182
Why can language be a cause of tension in India?
The Government often has difficulties communicating with all people due to the large number of languages spoken, which affects the region’s development.
183
What is a major part of people’s national identity in India and South Asia?
Religion
184
What is the major religion in India?
Hinduism
185
In which Indian states is Islam the major religion, and what percentage of the population follows it?
In Jammu and Kashmir, where over 65 percent of the population are followers
186
Name three other recognised religions in India besides Hinduism and Islam.
Sikhism, Buddhism, and Christianity.
187
What social system did the Hindu religion introduce in India?
The caste system.
188
How many main tiers (уровни) does the caste system have, and what is its purpose?
Four tiers; it divides people according to occupation (род занятости) , religion, and social standing.
189
What is the highest caste in the Indian caste system?
Brahmins (priests (священнослужители) and other high-ranking officials).
190
Who are the Ksatriyas in the caste system?
Warriors (воины)
191
Which caste in the Indian caste system consists (относиться) of merchants (торговцы)?
Vaisyas
192
Who are the Sudras in the caste system?
Serfs (крепостные) or servants (слуги)
193
What is the name of the group outside the four main castes, and why are they excluded?
The ‘untouchables’ or Dalits; they are excluded because people fear they would ‘pollute’ the caste system.
194
What percentage of India’s population is made up of Dalits (the ‘untouchables’)?
15 percent.
195
What occupations (профессии) are typically associated with the Dalits?
Landless labourers or craft workers (ремесленники)
196
Define “Apartheid”
Apartheid is the segregation of people according to their social standing or race.
People cannot improve their social standing under this system.
197
What is happening to the caste system in India, especially in cities?
The caste system is in decline.
198
Despite the decline of the caste system, who still owns most of the land and controls politics in India?
The top tiers (слои) of society.
199
Why might people from the lower tiers of Hindu society be attracted to Islam?
Because the Islamic religion rejects the caste system.
200
How was Islam introduced to India?
By Muslim traders from the Middle East.
201
When did British colonial rule end in India, and what was the result of the separation?
British colonial rule ended in 1947, and the region was separated into the Muslim state of Pakistan to the north and the Hindu-dominated India to the south.
202
What was one of the largest migrations in world history?
Over 12 million people moved to live in the area of their faith after the separation of India and Pakistan in 1947.
203
What incident in 2002 led to rioting (без порядок) in Gujarat, India?
In 2002, 2,000 people were killed in rioting after 58 Hindu activists were burned to death in a train in Godhra, which was blamed (вину возложили ) on a Muslim mob (толпу)
204
What ongoing (постоянная) issue causes tensions between India and Pakistan?
Tensions still run high over the Muslim-majority state of Kashmir.
205
How was Kashmir divided under the Indian Independence Act of 1947?
Kashmir was divided with 65% controlled by India and 35% controlled by Pakistan.
206
Why does Pakistan believe it should have full control over Kashmir?
Pakistan believes it should have full control over Kashmir because the region has an Islamic majority.
207
Why is the cow considered a sacred animal in India?
The cow is considered sacred in India, and it holds a special place in Hindu culture and religion.
208
How many cows are found in India, and what proportion of the world’s cattle population do they represent?
Over 200 million cows are found in India, which is nearly one-fifth of the world’s cattle population.
209
What are some uses of cow dung (навоз) in India?
Cow dung is used for heating (отполение) , cooking, and as a fertilizer (удобрение)
210
How are cows used in agriculture and transport in India?
Cows are used to draw (перевозка) heavy loads (груз) and ploughs (плугов) in agricultural work.
211
Why do some people believe that cows are preventing (мешают) development in India?
Some people believe cows are an underused (недоиспользуемый) resource and that they consume valuable food and land resources in a densely populated region.
212
What are the main cities of India?
The main cities of India are Mumbai, Kolkata, New Delhi, Chennai, and Bangalore.
213
What percentage of India’s population lives in cities?
Is this number increasing?
Approximately 30 percent of India’s population lives in cities.
This number is increasing, as most of the country's wealth is located in cities.
214
What is a common problem in India’s cities due to high population densities?
Conurbations (агломерации — крупные городские образования, включает сам город и окружающие его маленькие поселки или городки, связаны экономически и социально) are common, and inhabitants (жители) often live in very poor conditions.
215
Why is rural-urban migration widespread in India?
Rural-urban migration is widespread as people move to cities in search of work, particularly younger individuals.
216
What are some problems facing the largest cities of India, such as Mumbai and Kolkata?
Problems include congestion (перегруженность), pollution, bustees (трущебы) (shanty towns, home for 4 million people ), lack of open space, and clean water.
217
What was the purpose of national planning regarding (касаемо) urban development in India?
National planning aimed to develop urban centres to attract industry and alleviate (решение) problems associated with cities, with New Delhi being established as a new capital in 1911.
218
What the population in Mumbai and Kolkata ?
Mumbai - 22 million
Kolkata - 16 million
219
How are residential (разделены) areas in India’s largest cities divided?
They are divided along religious and social lines.
220
What was Mumbai originally?
Mumbai was originally a collection of islands connected by land reclaimed (отвоеванной) from the sea.
Первоначально Мумбаи представлял собой группу островов, соедененных сушей, отвоеванной у моря
221
Why was Mumbai first established in the seventeenth century?
What was the population ?
It was established as a trading port for the East India Trading Company
60,000
222
What role did Mumbai play in the British textile industry?
Mumbai became an important trading centre for the British textile industry due to its strategic location between Asia and Europe
223
What percentage of India’s trade is handled by Mumbai’s port?
Mumbai’s port handles 25 percent of India’s trade
224
What is Mumbai known for today?
Mumbai is the financial capital of India, home to the Bollywood film industry, and the richest city with the highest GDP.
225
What major problems does Mumbai face as a large city?
Mumbai faces problems like pollution, overcrowding (перенаселенность), and poor hygiene(гигиена) standards ( no running water, risk of waterborne diseases, such as cholera, tuphoid) in some areas.
226
What is the population density in Mumbai’s densely populated slum areas?
The population density was over 20,000 people per square kilometre in 2015.
227
What are bustees in Mumbai?
Bustees are temporary dwellings (жилища) made of plastic, tin(жести, типо как жестяные банки) , or cardboard (картон), inhabited by squatters (сквоттеры — окупація покинутої або не зайнятої будівлі, якою сквоттер не володіє) who have no legal rights to their homes.
Growing at a rapid rate around Mumbai, as landless labourers come to the city in search of work
228
What is Dharavi?
Dharavi is the largest bustee in Mumbai and Asia, home to nearly 1 million people.
229
What plans does the government have for Dharavi?
The government plans to demolish (снести) Dharavi through an €800 million development project to build business parks, a university, and hotels, while rehousing (переселить) the inhabitants in apartments elsewhere in the city.
230
What percentage of India’s population lives in rural areas?
Approximately 70 percent of India’s population lives in rural areas.
231
Why is it difficult to introduce improvements in rural areas of India?
It is difficult because the people in rural areas tend to be quite traditional and resistant to change.
232
How are rural settlements (поселения) divided in India?
Rural settlements are divided into separate wards (районы) based on the residents’ place in the caste system, with higher-tier (высокий статус) people living in the core areas and lower-tier (низкий статус) people living on the periphery.
233
What is a significant trend in rural areas of India?
There is ongoing (продолжительная) outward (наружная) migration of younger people from rural areas to other regions or abroad.
234
How does Kerala’s economy benefit from migration?
In Kerala, 21 percent of the state’s income comes from remittances (денежные переводы), which are money sent home by migrants working abroad.
235
Why was Mumbai known as a place of religious freedom?
It was a place where people could escape religious conflict, especially between Muslims and Hindus.
236
What happened when religious conflict started between Muslims and Hindus in India?
Many people fled (бежали) to Mumbai seeking (поиск) refuge (убежища)
237
How did the influx (приток) of people affect Mumbai’s industries?
The increased population provided workers for the developing cotton (хлопчабумажную) and weaving (ткацкую) industries.
238
Which industries in Mumbai benefited from the increased number of people fleeing (спасающихся от) religious conflict?
The cotton and weaving industries.
