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INDG 228 > INDG 224 Midterm > Flashcards

INDG 224 Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

band/tribe

1

A
  • uncentralized, egalitarian political systems
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2
Q

centralized/uncentralized political systems

1

A
  • centralized - central leader/little or no mobility btwn roles, chiefdom/state
  • no physical centre/capital, band/tribe
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3
Q

city state

1

A
  • central city and surrounding villages all under same government and way of life
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4
Q

Palenque

1

A
  • Mayan city
  • 226 BC -> 1123AD
  • peak in 7th C
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5
Q

Dresden Codex

1

A
  • Mayan book from 11th or 12 C
  • contains astronomy, astrology, almanacs tables
  • first to be partially deciphered
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6
Q

Florentine Codex

1

A
  • Aztec history by de Sahagun

- documents culture, religious cosmology, ritual practices, society, economics, history

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7
Q

tribute

1

A
  • goods, ppl for sacrifice, warriors, tax
  • offered from state to empire
  • Aztec empire required tribute to survive, not self sustaining
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8
Q

polity

1

A
  • the political constitution and organization of a group of ppl
  • a politically organized unit
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9
Q

Mesoamerica’s Classic Period

1

A
  • 200 - 1000 CE
  • numerous city states such as Tikal, Palenque and Caracol reached their zeniths
  • beginnings of political unity in central Mexico and the Yucatán
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10
Q

Tikal

1

A
  • capital city of Maya

- one of largest archeological sites

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11
Q

syncretism

1

A
  • the growing together of old beliefs and new
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12
Q

Coatlicue

1

A
  • Aztec goddess
  • Lady of the Serpent Skirt
  • example of syncretism
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13
Q

Barnardino de Sahagun

1

A
  • Franciscan missionary

- researcher of Florentine Codex

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14
Q

Psilocybin mushrooms

1

A
  • aztecs ate mushrooms and saw visions
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15
Q

nationalism

1

A
  • patriotism

- ex. interpreting religious theology in terms of one’s own nation/politics

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16
Q

Moctezuma II

1

A
  • Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan in 1500s
  • thought to be a god
  • killed by Cortes during Spanish conquest of Mexico
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17
Q

cyclical time

1

A
  • repetitive, not linear

- Mayan concept

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18
Q

Hernan Cortes

1

A
  • Spanish conquistador

- led Spanish conquest of Mexico that resulted in fall of Aztec empire

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19
Q

Malintzin or Marina

1

A
  • Cortes’ mistress
  • interpreter
  • seen by Aztecs as a traitor
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20
Q

Quitzalcoatl

1

A
  • Aztec hero/god

- Moctezuma II believed Cortes arrival was return of Quitzalcoatl

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21
Q

Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco

1

A
  • Aztec twin cities
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22
Q

Tlachti (ball game)

1

A
  • settled important decisions
  • had ritual aspects
  • sometimes a matter of life or death
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23
Q

Peten rain forest

1

A
  • centre of Mayan civilization
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24
Q

chiefdom/state

1

A
  • centralized political systems
  • chiefdom - ranked
  • states - stratified
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25
Q

empire

1

A
  • exploitive political dynamic
  • 3 criteria:
    1. capital centre
    2. domination of territory
    3. projection of influence in larger international context
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26
Q

Popul Vuh

1

A
  • a religious text similar to Old Testament

- includes Mayan creation story - twins who created the world

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27
Q

Our Lady of Guadalupe

1

A
  • parallel to Aztec God Coatlique

- ex of syncretism

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28
Q

Nahuatl

1

A
  • language of the Aztec
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29
Q

Mestizaje/mestizo

1

A
  • person of indian and spanish decent

- preferred heritage, dominant group

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30
Q

Diego de Landa

1

A
  • Catholic Bishop
  • led Inquisition that resulted in burning of Maya writings, torture and imprisonment of Mayan ppl
  • wrote best available records of Maya culture
31
Q

Franciscans

1

A
  • followers of St Francis of Assisi
  • missionaries in Yucatan
  • burned Mayan books
32
Q

Chilam Balam

1

A
  • Mayan manuscripts
  • part bible, community charter, almanac, chronicle
    every Yucatec town possessed one
33
Q

Katum (K’atun?)

1

A
  • a unit of time in Mayan calendar
  • end of K’atun meant ceremonies
  • each had own prophecies
34
Q

Inquisition

1

A
  • led by Landa

- to put an end to Maya religion and solidify Christianity

35
Q

Juan Jose Hoil

1

A
  • Maya scribe

- copied and added to the Chilam Balam

36
Q

Factionalism

1

A
  • succession of rule
  • rise thru ranks
  • various hierarchy
  • provinces not of equal status
37
Q

Mayan writing

1

A
  • combination of glyphs and logograms

- only recently translated

38
Q

Mexican Revolution

1

A
  • Mexican Indians fought to regian control of land lost to Spaniards
  • hero was Zapata
  • agrarian land reform
39
Q

Hidalgo, Morelos, Iturbide, Santa Anna

1

A

-military leaders of Mexican Revolution

40
Q

Juarez

1

A
  • Zapotec, Mexican leader
  • defended poor villagers against powerful landowners
  • minister of justice
  • became president
41
Q

Xicotencatl

1

A
  • Tlaxcaltec army general

- led army against Cortez/Spanish

42
Q

Emiliano Zapata

1

A
  • hero of Mexican Revolution

- fought for agrarian land reform

43
Q

Diego Rivera

1

A
  • Aztec painter

- painted murals of Mexican Revolution

44
Q

Ejido system

1

A
  • Mayan
  • an area of communal land used for agriculture
  • community members individually possess and farm a specific parcel
  • introduced after Mexican Revolution as part of land reform
45
Q

Peasant Unity Committee

1

A
  • an agrarian trade union
46
Q

”. . . the place where the tenochtli cactus stands amidst the waters; where the eagle preens. . . and devours the snake. . . among the reeds, amid the canes.”

5

A
  • legend tells how the Aztec settled in Mexico
  • they should settle where they see the eagle sits on a cactus devouring a snake
  • this is the image on the Mexican flag
47
Q

the centre/periphery dynamic

5

A
  • Aztec empire held together not by military threat but by social stratification
  • strict division btwn nobles and commoners
  • nobles held many privileges
  • commoners paid tribute to the nobles for use of land
  • little mobility btwn classes but mobility within class was possible
48
Q

The Caste Wars

5

A
  • Maya revolt against the Yucatan settlers who had political and economic control
  • Maya land was considered empty and given/sold to settlers
  • precursor to Mexican Revolution - Maya finally won back their land
49
Q

Internal colonialism

5

A
  • political and economic inequalities between regions within a nation state
  • exploitation of minority groups within a wider society
  • Aztec commoners pay tribute to nobility for use of land
  • Maya had land taken away and sold/given to Spanish settlers
50
Q

Trade Networks

5

A
  • fully developed and of great importance
  • between capital and provinces
  • tribute, taxes, commercial goods
  • solidified empire
51
Q

Northern Maya/Southern Maya regionalism

5

A
  • Previously, scientists believed the northern maya were a small, splinter group from the more famous Mayans of the South and that their society developed over 1,000 years after the South’s
  • But new finds in the Yucatán suggest the North was a far bigger, far more important and far older society than originally believed
52
Q

Yaqui, Tarahumara, Huichol, Maya, Mixtec, and Zapatec

5

A
  • distinct cultures/groups dominated by Aztec empire

- not Aztec

53
Q

1954 Coup in Guatemala

5

A
  • liberal gov had instituted agrarian reform redistributing unused lands to peasant farmers
  • threatened monopoly of UFC
  • UFC asked US gov to step in
  • began Guatemalan Civil War
54
Q

Cenotes as the earth’s eyes

5

A
  • sinkholes revealing groundwater underneath
  • thought to be sacred, entrance to underworld, communicate with gods
  • sometimes used by the ancient Maya for sacrificial offerings
55
Q

Rigoberta Menchu

5

A
  • Maya activist and author
  • won Nobel Peace Prize in 1992
  • helped to end Guatemalan Civil War
56
Q

“Survivors faded into the forest and waged guerilla war on Bravo’s railway. When the Revolution came and Dias fell, the Mayas cut the steel link that chained them to the Mexican Republic.” (Wright 279)
5

A
  • survivors of Maya Caste War eventually regained their autonomy
  • achieved modernization without loss of cultural identity
57
Q

Breaking the Mayan Code

5

A
  • almost all of mayan documents destroyed in Inquisition
  • only a few survived
  • Thompson (T numbers) -epigrapher - partially deciphered, believed dates only
  • Proskouriakoff - architect, deciphered history of kings and queens
  • Knorozov - Russian - determined glyphs represented sounds, unrecognized in west
  • Schele - connected glyph to specific Maya rulers
  • Stuart - major breakthrough - several symbols for one sound
  • combination of glyphs and logograms
58
Q

Columbian Quincentenary

5

A
  • 500th anniversary of Christopher Columbus’s voyages of discovery
  • negates Indigenous presence in the Americas before colonization
  • ignores legacy of racism and genocide left by Columbus
59
Q

genocide

5

A
  • European colonists attempted to destroy the aztec and mayan cultures
  • Landa burned all writing and destroys monuments, tortured and killed those who would not convert
  • Cortes and his men decimated the Aztec’s in an attempt to gain riches
  • smallpox
60
Q

Guatemalan civil war

5

A
  • 1960 - 1996
  • leftist indigenous Maya vs Guatemalan government
  • against SES discrimination and racism, fraudulent elections
  • hundreds of thousands of civilians slaughtered, near genocide, most were Maya
61
Q 
The three ethnic groups that compose the Triple Alliance known as the Aztecs are:
a) Mexico, Texcoco and Tlacopan
b) Mixica, Cholula and Ixtaccihuatl
c) Mexico, Poocatepetl and Teucalco
1
A

a

62
Q 
In 1519 Cortez made his initial landing at:
a) Yucatan
b) Veracruz
c) Chauaca
1
A

a

63
Q 
The value of the gold first taken by Cortez out of Mexico (in 1992 value) was:
a) eight million dollars
b) twelve million dollars
c) twenty million dollars
1
A

a

64
Q

Ejidos were:
a) a solidarity in the new syncretism promoted by the Catholic Church in the 19th Century
b) squads in the struggle in the post revolutionary period
c) ethnic communes derived from the pre-Columbian calpulli
1

A

c

65
Q 
Elites among the Aztecs and Mayans were:
a) royalty and dynasties
b) political leaders and generals
c) priests, artisans and merchants
1
A

c

66
Q 
Commoners within the empires under the Spanish were transformed into:
a) peasants
b) compasinos
c) farmers
1
A

a

67
Q 
The decline of the Maya civilization is attributed to:
a) climate change
b) warfare
c) trade disruptions
1
A

a

68
Q 
Autonomy as a principle in Mesoamerican political systems meant:
a) independence of entities
b) entrepreneurship
c) mercantilism
1
A

a

69
Q 
Competition among political structures in Mesoamerican political systems is evidenced by:
a) autocracy
b) duopoly
c) theocracy
1
A

b

70
Q 
Religious movements (cults) emerge and influence believers in the form of:
a) ideologies and commemorations
b) symbols and rituals
c) both a and b
1
A

c

71
Q

In general terms, contrast the demise and rebirth of the Aztecs and the Mayans.
30

A

Aztecs
- Tenochtitlan - booming metropolis of nearly 1/4 million ppll when Cortes arrived
deeply religious, moral ppll
- Cortes - Spanish conquistador, built army of Indian allies from surrounding Aztec controlled cities
- Monctezuma initially welcomed Cortes perhaps believing him to be the god Quetzalcoatl, showering him with gifts
- eventually Cortes attacked Tenochtitlan, smallpox took care of the rest
- Cortes goal was to take gold and riches from Aztec, Spanish missionaries attempted to convert Aztecs to Catholicism
- Aztec holy men killed, nobility forced to convert, change their names, and indoctrinate their children
- syncretism saved the Aztec religion, allowed Franciscans to believe they had won and Aztecs to believe they had survived
- ex/ came to accept Quetzalcoatl as a Christian, Tonantzin as the Virgin Mary
the syncretic character of their resistance makes it difficult to recognize and identify the Aztec today

Mayans
- Mayan “demise” was less distinct, several independent Mayan communities
- decline began with smallpox, then the Spanish friar Landa and his Inquisition, torturing and killing many Mayans, and destroying nearly all Mayan documents and artifacts
- many Mayan societies were decimated from what was likely drought - forced to leave their communities
- What was left fled to the Peten jungle and stayed there for 100s of years
some formed rebel, guerilla groups
led to Caste War began in 1847 that established Maya free state that lasted until 20th C

72
Q

How were dynasties institutionalized in both of these civilizations?
30

A
  • tribute - well-denied taxation system, goods, ppl for sacrifice, warriors, tax, offered from state to empire, Aztec empire required tribute to survive, not self sustaining
  • nationalism - patriotism - interpreting religious theology in terms of one’s own nation/politics
  • Ejido system
  • internal colonialism - political and economic inequalities between regions within a nation state, exploitation of minority groups within a wider society, Aztec commoners pay tribute to nobility for use of land, Maya had land taken away and sold/given to Spanish settlers
  • social stratification - distinct class separation
73
Q

Based upon the residues of these civilizations and the glimpse given about their most articulated stages, what implications are there for political order in each?
30

A

Aztecs
- complex political structures - centered around major ruling empire
- elite lineage rule
- social stratification
- commoners paid tribute to the nobility
Maya
- ruled by kings and nobles, descended from God
- independent city-states, built around ceremonial site, no central unified empire

INDG 228 (1 decks)

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